2012-12-26T20:48:19Z

ChurchesB12:

{{Infobox Coat of Arms2
|image=[[File:all_churches-_presentation_snip.PNG|400px|Location of all churches in the city of Venice (excluding the Lagoon Islands)]]
|header1=General
|label1=Total Number
|data1=
|label2=Total Number in (blank) Island
|data2={{{0}}}
|label3=Oldest
|data3={{{Church name}}}
|label4=Newest
|data4={{{Church name}}}
}}

Churches, or ''chiese'' in Italian, are a common feature in most squares, or ''campi'', throughout the city of Venice. There are 139 churches in the city, including a few recognizable landmarks, such as [[Church of Frari]], [[Church of Miracoli]], and the [[Basilica of San Marco (Church)]] pictured on the right. Some of the larger churches have become tourist attractions in the city of Venice. The most commonly visited church is [[Basilica of San Marco (Church)]], however many others are open to the public daily. Several churches are open for free or ask for donations, however 16 are run by the [[Chorus Association]], an organization that is responsible for the maintenance of select churches in the city, charges a small fee for entrance.

==History==
[[File:San Marco Churches.jpg|thumb|left|The Basilica of San Marco]]One of the reasons Venice has so many churches is that each island community in the city built its own place of worship, usually as a way of bringing the community together. Churches were often funded by wealthy merchants to showcase their wealth, by constructing dramatic interiors or elaborate façades. The oldest churches in the city were first established in the 9th century. While these church buildings are no longer standing, their traditions have continued through the years. In addition of old age, the churches of Venice have been subject to many disasters. In both the 11th and 15th centuries, fires burned through the city, destroying nearly all the buildings in their path. In the 15th century, the great fire in San Marco burned 21 churches to the ground. <ref>http.churchesofvenice.co.uk</ref>

Another event in Venice’s history that affected many of the churches was Napoleon Bonaparte’s occupation of the city. In 1797, Napoleon took control of the Republic of Venice, and proceeded to suppress many churches and convents. Many of the churches he suppressed were able to reopen a couple of years later, however several were converted to military barracks or warehouse facilities and have not been restored to their original condition. <ref>http.churchesofvenice.co.uk</ref> Napoleon also ransacked several of the churches, and sold the art work that hung on their walls. Whether it has experienced one of these examples of city wide events, every church in Venice has a unique story to share.

==Religious Services==
While there are 139 church buildings in the city of Venice, only 88 of them are still practicing churches that hold mass at least once a week. The other 51 churches have been converted to other uses such as schools, museums or storage facilities. The map below shows the location of the 88 practicing churches in Venice in green, not including 12 located on the Lagoon islands. For information on church service times, visit the [[Churches#See Also|See Also]] section below. [[File:Practicing_churches-_presentation_snip.PNG|400px|center]]

==Visiting Churches==
[[File:Chorus_Association.jpg|200px|right|Chorus Association Logo]]Many of the consecrated churches are open to the public, allowing visitors to view the art held inside. While admission to most is either free or by donations, some churches charge admission. There are 16 churches that are operated by the [[Chorus Association]] which all charge a fee for visits outside of service times. This fee is either a per visit charge paid at each church or a chorus pass can be purchased at any of the churches for a one time cost, allowing the bearer to enter all 16 churches in Venice that are under the [[Chorus Association]]. For more information of the Venetian [[Chorus Association]], visit the website in the [[Churches#External Links|External Links]] section.

==Church Art==
Much of the art that can be seen in the churches of Venice was funded through wealthy families paying for elaborate burials or to display their wealth to those around them. Donations to the Church were used to support local artists or workshops that would create elaborate pieces to showcase their skill in public places.
[[File:EUFE_ceiling.JPG|thumb|left|An example of a painted ceiling in [[Church of Sant'Eufemia]]]]

===Church Ceilings===
The ceilings of the Churches of Venice range from a simple white plaster, to carved wooden rafters or panels, to elaborate paintings or frescos. Some of these paintings can cover the entire ceiling and give a sense of depth on a flat surface. Otherwise unused space, the ceilings of churchs can fill a visitor with a sense of awe from the great size and intricacy of the painting. An example can be seen to the left.

===Paintings===
Catholic churches often contian 14 images known as the Stations of the Cross. These scenes shows the events of Good Friday to Christians. Often this story is told with paintings from local or famous artists. Paintings can be a simple way to showcase wealth of anarea based on the influence and fame of the artist. Additional, many of the side Altars of chruches are adorned with paintings of religious figures of Biblical scenes behind the altar.
[[File:Santa Maria della Salute altar.JPG|thumb|right|The altar of the [[Church of La Salute]]]]

===Altars===
The main altar of a chuch is located at the front of the church and is where the mass itself takes place. Altars can be simple tables or elaborate marble pieces with figures carved holding into the front and sides telling a story or holding the top of the altar in place. In addition to the main altar, smaller, or side, altars are sometimes added to larger churches where mass can be said in a more intimate setting with a smaller group of people. A main church altar can be seen to the right.

===Church Floors===
Floors are generally the last place someone looks for art, but in Venice, this is hardly the case. Of the 139 churches in Venice, 74 contain artifacts amounting to 2221 floor artifacts categorized as either tombs or plaques. <ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref> These [[Church Floor Artifacts]] contain valuable information in their inscriptions that provide a glimpse into the Venetian history. Several churches contain tombs of Doges, former rulers of Venice, and other wealthy citizens. These tombs help visitors to gain a better understanding of the age of the church they are in and its significance to the city’s history. After hundreds of years of people walking on the floors coupled with the ''acqua alta'' floods that Venice is famous for, these artifacts are in danger of being worn away. Preservation efforts of the inscriptions are important to maintain the history of the churches.

==Church Preservation==

The churches of Venice house 2221 [[Church Floor Artifacts]], which undergo wear and tear on a daily basis. Since these artifacts are made of stone, they are durable, but over several centuries, the text or images carved into the artifact is worn smooth. The [[Soprintendenza]] is a branch of the Ministry of Heritage and Cultural Activities, an Italian government organization that oversees all restoration efforts involving culturally significant artifacts across Italy. They have isolated four categories of culturally significant artifacts including archives, monuments, works of art, and archaeology. If a building, monument, or piece of art is in one of these categories, the [[Soprintendenza]] dictates all restoration projects that the item may undergo, regardless of if the item is publicly or privately owned. Church floor artifacts are categorized as monuments, and therefore receive preservation funds from the [[Soprintendenza]]. Typically, several small projects are carried out each year, such as cleaning a façade or replacing the roof a church, in Venice alone, even though the [[Soprintendenza]] is responsible for all of Italy. The majority of their funding comes from tax donations call the ''otto mille''. This donation takes an additional 0.008% of your taxes and applies the money towards restoration projects for various churches across Italy. <ref>Soprintendenza B.A.P. di Venezia e Laguna. 2012. 7 Oct 2012 <http://www.soprintendenza.venezia.beniculturali.it/></ref>

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, [[UNESCO]], is a second platform for providing funding to restore churches. Around the globe, there are nearly twenty private organizations dedicated to funding preservation projects for Venice. Annually, [[UNESCO]] sends these organizations the [[Soprintendenza]]’s request list to determine which projects they will be funding for the following year. After their decision has been made, they make a donation to [[UNESCO]] in order for their desired project to be carried out. [[UNESCO]] serves as the middle man, handling the paperwork and observing the logistics of the restoration processes onsite. Worcester Polytechnic Institute project teams have worked tangent to [[UNESCO]] to catalog the progress of these restoration projects, and make a record of all the artifacts that lie within the islands of Venice.<ref>UNESCO-ROSTE. " Historical Facts: Introductory Notes about the Regional Bureau for Science in Europe Starting from the Disastrous Flooding of 1966 Till Today." accessed September 8, 2012.</ref>

==Statistics==

There are 139 churches located within Venice and its Lagoon. The [[Churches#Religious Denominations|Religious Denominations]] of the churches, [[Churches#Active Churches|Active Churches]], and [[Churches#Churches with Floor Artifacts|Churches with Floor Artifacts]] are described below.

===Religious Denominations===
[[File:Catholic_churches-_presentation_snip.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Catholic Churches in Venice]][[File:Catholic_vs_Other.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Percentage of Catholic Churches in Venice (blue catholic, red non catholic)]]
Of the 139 Churches in Venice, 96% (133) of them are currently, or were at one time, Catholic. The six churches of other denominations are [[Evangelical Lutheran Church]], Lutheran, [[Church of Greci]], Greek Orthodox, [[Church of St. George]], Anglican, [[Church of Sant'Eufemia]], Presbyterian, [[Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni]], Armenian, and [[Church of San Zandegola]], Russian Orthodox.

===Active Churches===
[[File:practicing_churches-_presentation_snip.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Active Churches in Venice]][[File:Active_vs_Closed.PNG|200px|thumb|right|The Number of Active and Closed Churches in Venice (blue active, red closed)]]
Today, 88 of the 139 church buildings in the city of Venice are still functioning churches that hold religious celebrations at least once a week. The other 51 churches in Venice and the Lagoon islands have been converted to other used such as school, community buildings or storage facilities.

===Churches with Floor Artifacts===
[[File:churches_with_artifacts-_presentation_snip.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Churches with Assessed Artifacts]][[File:Artifacts_vs_Not.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Number of Churches with Assessed Artifacts (blue have artifacts, red do not have artifacts or is unknown)]]
Of the 139 churches in Venice, 74, or 54% of the church buildings in Venice house artifacts that have been assessed. The remaining 65 churches either do not contain artifacts, or the floor could not be viewed to determine if artifacts are present.





==Map==

This map shows the location of all the churches of Venice, excluding the 19 located on the Lagoon islands.
<display_map height=600 zoom=14 centre=45.440155,12.345403>
45.265582,12.300881|[[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]]
45.27445,12.301168|[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina]]
45.282621,12.302482|[[Church of San Antonio]]
45.432203,12.311178|[[Church of Santa Marta]]
45.42692,12.314087|[[Church of San Gerardo]]
45.432596,12.315829|[[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]]
45.317496,12.315974|[[Church of San Pietro]]
45.438393,12.316176|[[Church of La Zirada]]
45.433282,12.316219|[[Church of Le Teresa]]
45.439357,12.316498|[[Church of Nome di Gesu]]
45.435149,12.316842|[[Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]]
45.432563,12.318999|[[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]]
45.447246,12.319101|[[Church of Le Penitenti]]
45.431996,12.320083|[[Church of San Sebastiano]]
45.4453,12.320104|[[Church of San Giobbe]]
45.426013,12.321727|[[Church of San Convertite]]
45.437806,12.321831|[[Church of Tolentini]]
45.441437,12.322011|[[Church of Gli Scalzi]]
45.433754,12.322091|[[Church of Carmini]]
45.425716,12.323046|[[Church of San Cosmo]]
45.43139,12.323435|[[Church of Ognisanti]]
45.426919,12.323616|[[Church of Sant'Eufemia]]
45.447246,12.323993|[[Church of Le Cappuccine]]
45.435309,12.324047|[[Church of Santa Margherita]]
45.440825,12.324395|[[Church of San Simeon Grando]]
45.440863,12.324416|[[Church of San Simeon Piccolo]]
45.432053,12.324449|[[Church of Le Romite]]
45.435999,12.32449|[[Church of San Pantalon]]
45.446794,12.325023|[[Church of San Girolomo]]
45.442725,12.325268|[[Church of San Geremia]]
45.433209,12.325297|[[Church of San Barnaba]]
45.436997,12.325308|[[Church of San Rocco]]
45.445719,12.325753|[[Suore Dorotee]]
45.430902,12.325918|[[Church of San Trovaso]]
45.438214,12.326034|[[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]]
45.429743,12.326594|[[Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione]]
45.437114,12.326665|[[Church of Frari]]
45.443994,12.32674|[[Church of San Leonardo]]
45.447935,12.326754|[[Church of San Bonaventura]]
45.429404,12.327164|[[Church of Gesuati]]
45.440306,12.327367|[[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]]
45.43596,12.327752|[[Church of San Tommaso]]
45.441751,12.327774|[[Church of San Zandegola]]
45.429983,12.328113|[[Church of Sant'Agnese]]
45.433627,12.328299|[[Church of San Samuele]]
45.431407,12.328583|[[Church of La Carità]]
45.443226,12.328588|[[Church of San Marcuola]]
45.448149,12.329014|[[Church of Sant'Alvise]]
45.432436,12.329398|[[Church of S. Vidal]]
45.43721,12.329532|[[Church of San Polo]]
45.430722,12.330103|[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]]
45.430827,12.330345|[[Church of St. George]]
45.440238,12.330371|[[Church of Maria Mater Domini]]
45.441525,12.330671|[[Church of San Stae]]
45.425518,12.330747|[[Church of San Trinità]]
45.444103,12.330882|[[Church of Servi]]
45.43372,12.331042|[[Church of San Stefano]]
45.443204,12.331122|[[Church of La Maddalena]]
45.433087,12.33157|[[Church of San Maurizio]]
45.428644,12.331729|[[Church of Spirito Santo]]
45.43427,12.331866|[[Oratorio dell'Annunciata]]
45.439702,12.332063|[[Church of San Cassian]]
45.443051,12.33218|[[Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio]]
45.425212,12.332451|[[Church of Redentore]]
45.435834,12.332463|[[Church of San Benedetto]]
45.437964,12.332507|[[Church of Sant'Aponal]]
45.446591,12.332526|[[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]]
45.43274,12.332753|[[Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo]]
45.44388,12.33288|[[Church of San Marziale]]
45.441723,12.333379|[[Church of San Felice]]
45.437553,12.333396|[[Church of San Silvestro]]
45.435839,12.333649|[[Church of San Luca]]
45.43079,12.33369|[[Church of San Gregorio]]
45.430179,12.334035|[[Church of Catecumeni]]
45.433989,12.334094|[[Church of San Fantin]]
45.438711,12.334383|[[Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario]]
45.43102,12.334754|[[Church of La Salute]]
45.441087,12.335001|[[Church of Santa Sofia]]
45.424921,12.33516|[[Church of La Croce]]
45.443966,12.335173|[[Church of La Misericordia]]
45.438598,12.33531|[[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]]
45.433134,12.336048|[[Church of San Moisè]]
45.437731,12.336229|[[Church of San Bartolomeo]]
45.440265,12.336308|[[Evangelical Lutheran Church]]
45.443408,12.336375|[[Church of Santa Caterina]]
45.43688,12.336506|[[Church of San Salvador]]
45.434727,12.336829|[[Church of San Gallo]]
45.439155,12.337227|[[Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo]]
45.371726,12.337764|[[Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione]]
45.435638,12.33772|[[Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni]]
45.437064,12.338003|[[Church of La Fava]]
45.437617,12.33846|[[Church of San Lio]]
45.440161,12.338539|[[Church of San Canciano]]
45.435956,12.338582|[[Church of San Zulian]]
45.427108,12.339125|[[Church of Le Zitelle]]
45.439566,12.339194|[[Church of Miracoli]]
45.443633,12.339254|[[Church of Gesuiti]]
45.435141,12.339329|[[Church of San Basso]]
45.434644,12.339458|[[Basilica of San Marco (Church)]]
45.434984,12.340259|[[Church of San Teodoro]]
45.437162,12.341047|[[Church of Santa Maria Formosa]]
45.435737,12.341462|[[Church of San Zaninovo]]
45.43959,12.34153|[[Church of San Zanipolo]]
45.4414,12.342468|[[Church of Mendicanti]]
45.429642,12.342646|[[Church of San Giorgio]]
45.438842,12.342818|[[Church of L'Ospedalletto]]
45.434724,12.343557|[[Church of San Zaccaria]]
45.435571,12.344636|[[Church of Greci]]
45.434311,12.344963|[[Church of La Pietà]]
45.440155,12.345403|[[Church of Santa Maria del Pianto]]
45.437492,12.345451|[[Church of San Lorenzo]]
45.43621,12.345968|[[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]]
45.438268,12.345993|[[Church of Santa Giustina]]
45.436643,12.346229|[[Church of San Giovanni di Malta]]
45.43569,12.346412|[[Church of San Antonin]]
45.434455,12.346797|[[Church of La Bragora]]
45.449286,12.346882|[[Church of San Michele]]
45.438457,12.347661|[[Church of La Vigna]]
45.458683,12.348777|[[Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]
45.434662,12.348949|[[Church of San Martino]]
45.433755,12.348971|[[Church of Ca' di Dio]]
45.432676,12.349989|[[Church of San Biagio]]
45.45502,12.352626|[[Church of San Pietro Martire]]
45.432958,12.354037|[[Church of San Francesco di Paula]]
45.432767,12.356446|[[Church of San Gioacchino]]
45.430633,12.357167|[[Church of San Giuseppe]]
45.457527,12.357232|[[Church of San Donato]]
45.432676,12.358138|[[Church of Sant'Anna]]
45.434805,12.359779|[[Church of San Pietro di Castello]]
45.403661,12.361806|[[Church of San Antonio]]
45.426414,12.362834|[[Suore Mantellate]]
45.427108,12.365374|[[Church of Sant'Elena]]
45.417266,12.368855|[[Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta]]
45.442332,12.377429|[[Church of Sant'Erosia]]
45.427877,12.380692|[[Church of San Nicolò]]
45.484041,12.405809|[[Church of Santa Caterina]]
45.459179,12.410323|[[Church of Sant'Erasmo]]
45.498368,12.418744|[[Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello]]
45.484688,12.41875|[[Church of San Martino]]
45.498594,12.41912|[[Church of Santa Maria Assunta]]
</display_map>



==See Also==
*[[Church Floor Artifacts]]
*[[Church Floor Artifact]]
{{Navbox
|name = Cannaregio Churches navbox
|title = Churches of Venice
|group1 = Cannaregio
|list1 = [[Church of San Geremia | Church of San Geremia]]{{w}}[[Suore Dorotee | Suore Dorotee]]{{w}}[[Church of Servi | Church of Servi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marziale | Church of San Marziale]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marcuola | Church of San Marcuola]]{{w}}[[Church of Miracoli | Church of Miracoli]]{{w}}[[Church of Gli Scalzi | Church of Gli Scalzi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giobbe | Church of San Giobbe]]{{w}}[[Church of San Leonardo | Church of San Leonardo]]{{w}}[[Church of Gesuiti | Church of Gesuiti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Sofia | Church of Santa Sofia]]{{w}}[[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto | Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio | Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Cappuccine | Church of Le Cappuccine]]{{w}}[[Church of San Felice | Church of San Felice]]{{w}}[[Church of La Maddalena | Church of La Maddalena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Girolomo | Church of San Girolomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Apostoli | Church of Santi Apostoli]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo | Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Alvise | Church of Sant'Alvise]]{{w}}[[Church of La Misericordia | Church of La Misericordia]]{{w}}[[Evangelical Lutheran Church | Evangelical Lutheran Church]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bonaventura | Church of San Bonaventura]]{{w}}[[Church of San Canciano | Church of San Canciano]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Penitenti | Church of Le Penitenti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]
|group2 = Castello
|list2 = [[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Francesco di Paula | Church of San Francesco di Paula]]{{w}}[[Church of Mendicanti | Church of Mendicanti]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zanipolo | Church of San Zanipolo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Formosa | Church of Santa Maria Formosa]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giuseppe | Church of San Giuseppe]]{{w}}[[Church of La Fava | Church of La Fava]]{{w}}[[Church of La Bragora | Church of La Bragora]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Elena | Church of Sant'Elena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni di Malta | Church of San Giovanni di Malta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonin | Church of San Antonin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro di Castello | Church of San Pietro di Castello]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Ospedalletto | Church of L'Ospedalletto]]{{w}}[[Church of La Pietà | Church of La Pietà]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaninovo | Church of San Zaninovo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Vigna | Church of La Vigna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lorenzo | Church of San Lorenzo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lio | Church of San Lio]]{{w}}[[Church of Greci | Church of Greci]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gioacchino | Church of San Gioacchino]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Giustina | Church of Santa Giustina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria del Pianto | Church of Santa Maria del Pianto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Biagio | Church of San Biagio]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Anna | Church of Sant'Anna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaccaria | Church of San Zaccaria]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni | Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]]
|group3 = Dorsoduro
|list3 = [[Church of Gesuati | Church of Gesuati]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Romite | Church of Le Romite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trovaso | Church of San Trovaso]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Teresa | Church of Le Teresa]]{{w}}[[Church of Carmini | Church of Carmini]]{{w}}[[Church of Catecumeni | Church of Catecumeni]]{{w}}[[Church of La Salute | Church of La Salute]]{{w}}[[Church of San Sebastiano | Church of San Sebastiano]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Margherita | Church of Santa Margherita]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pantalon | Church of San Pantalon]]{{w}}[[Church of Spirito Santo | Church of Spirito Santo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Carità | Church of La Carità]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gregorio | Church of San Gregorio]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael | Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]]{{w}}[[Church of St. Georges Church | Church of St. Georges Church]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Marta | Church of Santa Marta]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba | Church of San Barnaba]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognisanti | Church of Ognisanti]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Agnese | Church of Sant'Agnese]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione | Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli | Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]]
|group4 = San Marco
|list4 = [[Church of San Fantin | Church of San Fantin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zulian | Church of San Zulian]]{{w}}[[Church of San Basso | Church of San Basso]]{{w}}[[Basilica of San Marco (Church) | Basilica of San Marco (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stefano | Church of San Stefano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Luca | Church of San Luca]]{{w}}[[Church of S. Vidal | Church of S. Vidal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Samuele | Church of San Samuele]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo | Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Teodoro | Church of San Teodoro]]{{w}}[[Oratorio dell'Annunciata | Oratorio dell'Annunciata]]{{w}}[[Church of San Moisè | Church of San Moisè]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gallo | Church of San Gallo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Salvador | Church of San Salvador]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni | Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bartolomeo | Church of San Bartolomeo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Benedetto | Church of San Benedetto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Maurizio | Church of San Maurizio]]
|group5 = San Polo
|list5 = [[Church of San Silvestro | Church of San Silvestro]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Polo | Church of San Polo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario | Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario]]{{w}}[[Church of Frari | Church of Frari]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto | Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista | Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]]{{w}}[[Church of San Rocco | Church of San Rocco]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cassian | Church of San Cassian]]
|group6 = Santa Croce
|list6 = [[Church of Tolentini | Church of Tolentini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio | Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]]{{w}}[[Church of Nome di Gesu | Church of Nome di Gesu]]{{w}}[[Church of Maria Mater Domini | Church of Maria Mater Domini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zandegola | Church of San Zandegola]]{{w}}[[Church of La Zirada | Church of La Zirada]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Maggiore | Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stae | Church of San Stae]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Piccolo | Church of San Simeon Piccolo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Grando | Church of San Simeon Grando]]
|group7 = Giudecca
|list7 = [[Church of Redentore | Church of Redentore]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Eufemia | Church of Sant'Eufemia]]{{w}}[[Church of San Convertite | Church of San Convertite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cosmo | Church of San Cosmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Zitelle | Church of Le Zitelle]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gerardo | Church of San Gerardo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trinità | Church of San Trinità]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio | Church of San Giorgio]]{{w}}[[Church of La Croce | Church of La Croce]]
|group8 = Islands
|list8 = [[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina | Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta | Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba in Burano | Church of San Barnaba in Burano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Michele | Church of San Michele]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro | Church of San Pietro]]{{w}}[[Church of San Donato | Church of San Donato]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione | Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erosia | Church of Sant'Erosia]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli | Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erasmo | Church of Sant'Erasmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Assunta | Church of Santa Maria Assunta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolò | Church of San Nicolò]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro Martire | Church of San Pietro Martire]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello | Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello]]
}}



==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.

*Lorenzetti, Giulio. “Venice and its Lagoon: Historical-Artistic Guide” Edizoni LINT S.R.L. Italy. 1994

*Mandonnet, P. (1911). Order of Preachers. In The Catholic: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved December 4, 2012 from New Advent: <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12354c.htm>

*S. Hoey, M. Kahan, P Marchetti, K Mazza. ''Convents, Palaces and Churches: Transformation of Historic Buildings and the Impact on Venice’s Neighborhoods.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2003.

*Santos,Luiz G., Petrowski,Craig Peter, Kristant,Elaine Hazel, Delaive,Amanda Leigh. ''The Church Floors in Venice, Italy -- an Archeological Study and Analysis.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2002.

*Soprintendenza B.A.P. di Venezia e Laguna. 2012. 7 Oct 2012 <http://www.soprintendenza.venezia.beniculturali.it/>

==External Links==
*http://churchesofvenice.co.uk

*http://www.chorusvenezia.org/

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorus_Association

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO

2012-12-26T18:12:38Z

ChurchesB12: /* Condition Ranking */

''This article contains information on a typical Church Floor Artifact. For a list of Churches, see [[Churches]]. For a more information on the artifacts, see [[Church Floor Artifacts]].''

{{Infobox
|name = Church Floor Artifacts
|bodystyle =
|title = Church Floor Artifact
|titlestyle =

|image = [[File:Church_Floors_Artifact_Image_1.png|200px]]
|imagestyle =
|caption =
|captionstyle =
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;
|datastyle =

|label1 = Total Number of Artifacts
|data1 = 2221

|belowstyle = background:#ddf;
|below =
}}

A Church Floor Artifact is an artifact in a church floor, and is classified as either a tomb or a plaque. Church floor artifacts are distinguished from the rest of the floor as they are often a different stone color or tile pattern and/or contain and inscriptions.

==Classification==

There are two types of artifacts found in the [[Churches]] of Venice: tombs,and plaques. Most artifacts have inscriptions, honoring the deceased's life or marking a significant event in the church's history.

===Tombs===
[[File:DONA_K5.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Example of a rectangular tomb]][[File:GIGL_B4.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Example of a small tomb]]
A tomb, or ''tomba'', is the most common form of floor artifact and mark the location of a burial. Due to health concerns of and flooding, the body may have been moved and may no longer be in the Church. A tomb marker is either a large rectangle or small square, depending on the type of burial and the wealth of the family. All tombs contain some amount of inscription, but the amount of information included ranges from a full obituary to simply DOM, which stands for, "Deo, Optimo, Maximo (to God, the Best, the Greatest)" or "Domino, Optimo, Maximo (the Lord, the Best, the Greatest)." These are the mottos of the Bendictine order. <ref>http://www.alsirat.com/symbols/latin.htmlhttp://www.alsirat.com/symbols/latin.html</ref> Both types of tombs are shown below.



===Plaques===

[[File:GESU_26.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Example of a plaque]]A plaque, or ''placca'', is the second type of artifact. A plaque has an inscription, but is not a tomb. They often represent years of construction/restoration or prominent contributors. More importantly, they do not mark the final resting place of someone. Plaques are less common than tombs and are often smaller. An example can be seen below.



==Condition Evaluation==

Worcester Polytechnic Institute teams of researchers evaluated the artifacts on five types of damage. The five types of damage are '''fading and wear, text readability, cracks, holes, and joint gaps'''. Each type of damage was evaluated on an individual scale, however in all five cases, the higher the rating, the more sever the damage. A description of each type of damage is listed below.

[[File:Fading_and_wear_1.PNG|200px|thumb|left| Example of fading and wear]]
'''Fading and Wear''': Every artifact is subject to fading and wear by either human intervention or natural causes. The amount an artifact has worn or faded is given an numerical value on a scale from 0 to 4.

0 – The artifact has '''no fading or wear'''. It is in perfect condition.

1 – The artifact is somewhat worn. There is possible need for restoration due to evident wear and tear although color and/or design are still visible.

2 – Artifact is moderately worn or faded. It is in need of restoration as the color and/or design of the artifact are not completely visible.

3 – The artifact is extremely worn. Immediate restoration is needed due to the barely visible color and/or design.

4 – The artifact is '''unrecoverable'''. The artifact has lost all signs of color and design.

[[File:Readability_1.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Example of varying text readability]]
'''Text readability''': The text readability of an artifact is based upon the condition of each letter. The letters are judged on a 1 - 3 scale, where 1 is considered perfectly readable. Many church floor artifacts contain inscriptions that have been worn down since it was first engraved. In some cases, the text is the only source of information regarding births, deaths, and other facts of Venetian religious history. The assessment of the letters are counted and ranked according to the following:

1 – '''Perfectly readable letters'''. There must be no damage on the letter whatsoever to be in this category. These letters are given the
lowest weight because they require no restoration.

2 – Letters are readable, but slightly damaged. In this category, the letters are legible but have some damage.

3 – Letters which are '''completely unreadable'''. Most of the letter is gone because of water damage or wearing.

The number of individual letters in each of these categories are divided by the total number of letters on the entire inscription and multiplied by one hundred in order to find a percentage of letters in each category. These percentages are then weighed against each category above.

[[File:Cracks_1.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Example of a sever crack]]

'''Cracks''': Cracks are a serious concern the integrity of the artifact because they '''indicate weakness''' in the floor or artifact and can be problematic. For example, if a significant weigh were to be put on an artifact with a crack in it, the artifact could sustain more damage due to its already weakened state. When the cracks are assessed, several factors are taken into consideration, including the '''size of the cracks''' and the '''likelihood for it to become larger'''. After identifying the cracks in an artifact, they are then counted and a rating from 0-4, corresponding to the percentage of the artifact which is cracked.

[[File:Holes_1.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Example of holes]]
'''Holes''': Holes is a form of surface damage that can effect both the text readability and physical integrity of the artifact. Holes as they are assessed are not through holes in the artifact, but '''pitting on the surface''', where a chunk of the stone has been removed. The overall amount of surface that contains holes or is pitted contributed to the 0-4 rating the artifact receive. The number of holes with a depth greater than 1.5 centimeters are also counted and considered as a significant contribution to the overall rating of the artifact.

[[File:Joint_Gaps_1.PNG|200px|thumb|left|Example of a joint gap]]
'''Joint gaps''': A joint gap is when the artifact is '''separated from the floor slightly'''. Gaps may have occurred when the artifact was first laid in the floor, as artifacts were added after the floor had been constructed. Another way gaps occur are from settling of the building, or shifting in the floor, causing the stones to no longer lay flush to one another. Additional shifting could cause more damage to the artifact or the surround floor. If an artifact is found to have a joint gap, the width and length is measured in order to find the total area which is in need of repair.<ref>Santos,Luiz G., Petrowski,Craig Peter, Kristant,Elaine Hazel, Delaive,Amanda Leigh. The Church Floors in Venice, Italy -- an Archeological Study and Analysis. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2002. </ref>



==Condition Ranking==

In order to create a ranked list of artifact damage, an equation that takes into account the five different types of damage assessed was developed by a team or researches from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The equation was developed through experimentation with different weights in the equation so that could be seen visually could be expressed numerically.

(0.30)(Fading and Wear) + (0.25)(Text Readability) + (0.20)(Cracks) + (0.20)(Holes) + (0.05)(Joint Gaps)

This equation provides a numerical representation of an artifact's condition on a scale from 0-1. Similar to the individual type of damage scores, the higher an artifact's ranking value, the more damage it has sustained.

*'''Fading and wear''' received the highest weight of 30%, as it is an assessment of the overall surface damage of the artifact, and therefore covers the most amount of information about the artifact's condition.
*'''Text readability''' then received a weight of 25%, because text is the component of the artifact from which information about the city's history can be extracted, and therefore deserves a significant contribution to the overall assessment of the artifact.
*'''Cracks''' received a weight of 20%, as it effects the structural integrity of the artifact. An artifact's stability is an important contribution to the safety of the entire church floor, not just the artifact and an unsteady floor puts parishioners in danger, and needs to be addressed.
*'''Holes''' also received a weight of 20% because holes, while not common, effect the surface of the artifact, and therefore could obstruct the text on the artifact.
*'''Joint gaps''' are weighted with only 5%, because the gaps are not very large, and the information that can be gathered from the artifact is not effected by a gap.

When all is considered, the equation produces a single condition value, between 0-1. This equation and condition evaluation was developed for this website and is not recognized by other outside organizations.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>

==Condition Categories==

After using the following equation to standardize the rankings assigned to each artifact, the values were divided into five categories. This was done to ease understanding of the results by given the numbers qualitative values. Having only five categories also eases comparison between artifacts, to gauge a single artifact's condition in relation to the rest in the city.

[[File:Color Coded Graph (2).jpg|400px|center|Distribution of Damage]]

The five categories of damage ranking are excessive damage, high damage, intermediate damage, low damage and minimal damage. Below is a description of each accompanied by two example pictures.

*'''Excessive Damage''': The artifact is too far degraded that no more information would be saved if the artifact were to undergo restoration. While text can no longer be extracted from the artifact, it should still receive restoration attention to maintain the quality of the floor.
<gallery>
File:Excessive_Damage_1.png
File:Excessive_damage.PNG
</gallery>

*'''High Damage''': The text is still slightly readable, but is in danger of being worn to an extent that would lose all information it contains. The artifact is in need of preservation in order to maintain the image or text visible on the artifact.
<gallery>
File:High_Damage_1.png
File:High_damage.PNG
</gallery>

*'''Intermediate Damage''': The artifact has sustained some damage in any of the five damage categories, but the text is still mostly readable. Preservation would benefit the artifact, but it is not yet in critical condition.
<gallery>
File:Intermediate_Damage_1.png
File:Intermediate_damage.PNG
</gallery>

*'''Low Damage''': The artifact has sustained very little damage. The text is nearly flawless and only minimal efforts would need to be made in order to maintain the artifact in its current condition.
<gallery>
File:Low_Damage_1.png
File:Low_damage.PNG
</gallery>

*'''Minimal Damage''': The artifact has hardly any damage and all of the text and artwork is readable. At this time, there is no need for preservation.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
<gallery>
File:Minimal_Damage_1.png
File:Minimal_damage.PNG
</gallery>



==See Also==

*[[Churches]]
*[[Church Floor Artifacts]]
{{Navbox
|name = Cannaregio Churches navbox
|title = Churches of Venice
|group1 = Cannaregio
|list1 = [[Church of San Geremia | Church of San Geremia]]{{w}}[[Suore Dorotee | Suore Dorotee]]{{w}}[[Church of Servi | Church of Servi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marziale | Church of San Marziale]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marcuola | Church of San Marcuola]]{{w}}[[Church of Miracoli | Church of Miracoli]]{{w}}[[Church of Gli Scalzi | Church of Gli Scalzi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giobbe | Church of San Giobbe]]{{w}}[[Church of San Leonardo | Church of San Leonardo]]{{w}}[[Church of Gesuiti | Church of Gesuiti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Sofia | Church of Santa Sofia]]{{w}}[[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto | Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio | Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Cappuccine | Church of Le Cappuccine]]{{w}}[[Church of San Felice | Church of San Felice]]{{w}}[[Church of La Maddalena | Church of La Maddalena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Girolomo | Church of San Girolomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Apostoli | Church of Santi Apostoli]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo | Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Alvise | Church of Sant'Alvise]]{{w}}[[Church of La Misericordia | Church of La Misericordia]]{{w}}[[Church of Anglicana | Church of Anglicana]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bonaventura | Church of San Bonaventura]]{{w}}[[Church of San Canciano | Church of San Canciano]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Penitenti | Church of Le Penitenti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]
|group2 = Castello
|list2 = [[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Francesco di Paula | Church of San Francesco di Paula]]{{w}}[[Church of Mendicanti | Church of Mendicanti]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zanipolo | Church of San Zanipolo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Formosa | Church of Santa Maria Formosa]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giuseppe | Church of San Giuseppe]]{{w}}[[Church of La Fava | Church of La Fava]]{{w}}[[Church of La Bragora | Church of La Bragora]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Elena | Church of Sant'Elena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni di Malta | Church of San Giovanni di Malta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonin | Church of San Antonin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro di Castello | Church of San Pietro di Castello]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Ospedalletto | Church of L'Ospedalletto]]{{w}}[[Church of La Piet� | Church of La Piet�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaninovo | Church of San Zaninovo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Vigna | Church of La Vigna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lorenzo | Church of San Lorenzo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lio | Church of San Lio]]{{w}}[[Church of Greci | Church of Greci]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gioacchino | Church of San Gioacchino]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Giustina | Church of Santa Giustina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria del Pianto | Church of Santa Maria del Pianto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Biagio | Church of San Biagio]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Anna | Church of Sant'Anna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaccaria | Church of San Zaccaria]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni | Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]]
|group3 = Dorsoduro
|list3 = [[Church of Gesuati | Church of Gesuati]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Romite | Church of Le Romite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trovaso | Church of San Trovaso]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Teresa | Church of Le Teresa]]{{w}}[[Church of Carmini | Church of Carmini]]{{w}}[[Church of Catecumeni | Church of Catecumeni]]{{w}}[[Church of La Salute | Church of La Salute]]{{w}}[[Church of San Sebastiano | Church of San Sebastiano]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Margherita | Church of Santa Margherita]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pantalon | Church of San Pantalon]]{{w}}[[Church of Spirito Santo | Church of Spirito Santo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Carit� | Church of La Carit�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gregorio | Church of San Gregorio]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael | Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]]{{w}}[[Church of St. Georges Church | Church of St. Georges Church]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Marta | Church of Santa Marta]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba | Church of San Barnaba]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognisanti | Church of Ognisanti]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Agnese | Church of Sant'Agnese]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione | Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli | Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]]
|group4 = San Marco
|list4 = [[Church of San Fantin | Church of San Fantin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zulian | Church of San Zulian]]{{w}}[[Church of San Basso | Church of San Basso]]{{w}}[[Basilica of San Marco (Church) | Basilica of San Marco (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stefano | Church of San Stefano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Luca | Church of San Luca]]{{w}}[[Church of S. Vidal | Church of S. Vidal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Samuele | Church of San Samuele]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo | Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Teodoro | Church of San Teodoro]]{{w}}[[Oratorio dell'Annunciata | Oratorio dell'Annunciata]]{{w}}[[Church of San Mois� | Church of San Mois�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gallo | Church of San Gallo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Salvador | Church of San Salvador]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Croce (Church) | Church of Santa Croce (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bartolomeo | Church of San Bartolomeo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Benedetto | Church of San Benedetto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Maurizio | Church of San Maurizio]]
|group5 = San Polo
|list5 = [[Church of San Silvestro | Church of San Silvestro]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Polo | Church of San Polo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario | Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario]]{{w}}[[Church of Frari | Church of Frari]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto | Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista | Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]]{{w}}[[Church of San Rocco | Church of San Rocco]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cassian | Church of San Cassian]]
|group6 = Santa Croce
|list6 = [[Church of Tolentini | Church of Tolentini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio | Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]]{{w}}[[Church of Nome di Gesu | Church of Nome di Gesu]]{{w}}[[Church of Maria Mater Domini | Church of Maria Mater Domini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zandegola | Church of San Zandegola]]{{w}}[[Church of La Zirada | Church of La Zirada]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Maggiore | Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stae | Church of San Stae]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Piccolo | Church of San Simeon Piccolo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Grando | Church of San Simeon Grando]]
|group7 = Giudecca
|list7 = [[Church of Redentore | Church of Redentore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Eufemia | Church of San Eufemia]]{{w}}[[Church of San Convertite | Church of San Convertite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cosmo | Church of San Cosmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Zitelle | Church of Le Zitelle]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gerardo | Church of San Gerardo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trinit� | Church of San Trinit�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio | Church of San Giorgio]]{{w}}[[Church of La Croce | Church of La Croce]]
|group8 = Islands
|list8 = [[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina | Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta | Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba in Burano | Church of San Barnaba in Burano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Michele | Church of San Michele]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro | Church of San Pietro]]{{w}}[[Church of San Donato | Church of San Donato]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione | Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erosia | Church of Sant'Erosia]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli | Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erasmo | Church of Sant'Erasmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Assunta | Church of Santa Maria Assunta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicol� | Church of San Nicol�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro Martire | Church of San Pietro Martire]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello | Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello]]
}}

==References==

<references/>

==Bibliography==
*Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012

*S. Hoey, M. Kahan, P Marchetti, K Mazza. ''Convents, Palaces and Churches: Transformation of Historic Buildings and the Impact on Venice’s Neighborhoods.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2003.

*Santos,Luiz G., Petrowski,Craig Peter, Kristant,Elaine Hazel, Delaive,Amanda Leigh. ''The Church Floors in Venice, Italy -- an Archeological Study and Analysis.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2002.

==External Links==

None