https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ksgallagher 2026-05-08T08:10:42Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell&diff=67732 2015-12-02T10:16:28Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell */</p> <hr /> <div>''This page is a description of a typical Venetian bell. For an overview of all the bells in Venice, see [[Bells]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell, known in Italian as ''campana'', has had many different uses. Before modern times, bells had more purpose than pure musical entertainment. They were signals of danger, disaster, and alarm. Many bells of today were built in medieval times, and were manufactured using a specific set of techniques and materials.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Construction==<br /> The casting of bells is a delicate and precise process. The style of a particular bell depends upon the foundry in which it was made, along with the materials that compose it and the period of its creation.<br /> <br /> ===Material of Bells===<br /> The most common material for bells is bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Very rarely bells were cast in steel and cast iron. This shift in bell materials occurred mainly during times of war, when alloys such as bronze were in short supply since copper was needed in the manufacturing of some weapons. Around 1857 A.D. a combination of iron and carbon, also known as steel, became a material for bell-making. Not soon after it had begun being used it was discarded since the compound was deemed unsuitable for a material of bells.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Casting and Founding===<br /> Bells have typically been made using the same process for over six centuries. A popular method of bell casting is to use sand-casting. In medieval times, when many bells were being produced, molds were made from clay to make a template for the bells. A bell mold had a center mold and an outer mold, where molten bronze was poured between the two and then allowed to cool to take the shape of a bell. Back in the middle ages, sometimes wooden templates were also used. Through the use of these templates the distinctive shape of the bells was formed.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information about bell founding, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ===Acoustics of Bells===<br /> Bells like any other sound generating device can be broken down to a science. The frequency of the waves and thus the sound generated by the vibration is directly proportional to the diameter of the bell and the thickness of the metal. Bells are made to exact formulas so when a diameter is chosen, it is possible to calculate every remaining dimension of the bell and its musical note or tone. The frequency of a bell's note varies with the square of its thickness, and inversely with its diameter. <br /> <br /> If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a maiden bell. Tuned bells are worked after casting to produce a precise note. The bell's strongest overtones are tuned to be at octave intervals below the nominal note, but other notes also need to be brought into their proper relationship. Bells are usually tuned via tuning forks or by more modern electronic tuners.<br /> <br /> ===Striking Methods===<br /> Another key factor in the ringing of the bell is how they are struck. The first method often portrayed in movies is the swinging method. Usually a rope is tugged from the ground that causes the entire bell structure to swing back and forth, and inside the bell, a clapper strikes the sides causing vibrations as seen below. This method is not advisable as it causes a great deal of bell movement, and over time this motion can damage the support structure and leave a streak mark formed by the clapper if the bell is not balanced. The other method is striking the shell of the bell. This causes less structural damage, but over time can leave dents which might ultimately deform the bell and alter its sound. The last common method, similar to the hammer method, is to swing the clapper while the bell remains stationary. <br /> <br /> ===Bell Frame Design===<br /> Two bell frame types are primarily used to suspend bells, the H frame and the A frame. The H frame occurs when the bell is suspended on a cross bar made of heavy H castings usually composed of a durable metal material such as cast iron. Alternatively, H-frames can be stand-alone parallel legs with a single cross beam that holds the bell. A-frames are metal structures that form the shape of an “A” and attach the bell to the ground of the belfry as seen below The metal material resists twisting and provides a secure base for the bell. The popularity of this type of design resides in its greater convenience and construction. The last method of attaching a bell is to mount it to a circular support structure that is free to rotate. The structure is then rocked back and forth while the bell is held firmly on the wheel.<br /> <br /> <br /> Example of an H Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfHFrame_SanFelice.jpg|300px||| Example of an H Frame ]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Example of an A Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfAFrame_SantaMariaDiNazarethScalzi.jpg|300px||| Example of an A Frame ]]<br /> <br /> ===Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell===<br /> The basic anatomy of a bell is fairly universal. On the top of the bell there is typically a wooden crossbeam called a yoke that the bell is attached to. The connecting piece is known as the crown. Commonly made of metal, the crown can be directly attached to the yoke, or the bell can dangle with the crown being tied to a series of leather straps. Connected to the crown of the bell is the head and shoulder section of the bell. This section is tuned to resonate one octave higher than the hum, or main note. The main section of the bell is referred to as the waist. This is the largest section of the bell and is tuned to resonate at a fifth, or quint, of the hum tone. The bottom section of the bell where the flare begins is known as the sound bow. This section is attached to the lip, the very bottom of the bell, and is responsible for the generation of the hum tone. The open bottom of the bell is the mouth. Within the mouth of the bell can be seen the clapper, which is usually a metal rod attached to a metal ball. The clapper hangs free from the shell of the bell so as to invoke independent movements.<br /> ''For more information on bell ringing, see [[Bell]]''<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:PartsOfABell.jpg|400px||center| Bell Anatomy ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Decoration===<br /> When ancient bells were cast, the moldings and decor on them were treated as a form of art. The inscriptions, figures, and design on each bell were well thought out by the founder and were intended to be a reflection of the founders work.<br /> <br /> Most European bells are similar in their decorations, which usually include an inscription about where or when they were made or an engraving of a religious figure. Another trend founders have implemented was to design a trademark with a symbol or initials instead of writing out the full name of the founder.<br /> <br /> Historical figures are a common form of art found on bells. These include effigies of saints, angels, or royal leaders. In addition, one may find the shield of the patron who invested in the tower or church. However, the most frequently used decor were inscriptions which offer information of whom the bell was dedicated to, who the maker or donor was, when it was cast, and other supplemental information. These are typically in Latin, although some may be in the native Italian.<br /> <br /> IMAGES with examples<br /> <br /> ==Bronze Corrosion==<br /> Most of the bells in Venice, being made of bronze, suffer from a cyclic degrading process known as Bronze disease. The disease refers to a chemical process in which the copper in bronze reacts with elements and moisture in the atmosphere creating a film signifying corrosion. Bell towers provide perfect conditions for bronze disease to propagate by leaving bells exposed to environmental conditions such as humidity, high winds, rain, and moisture. The thick green coating has the ability to transform the object by corroding the surface and possibly removing valuable artwork from its face. Many of the bells have intricate images exuding from their surfaces making corrosion a significant problem.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bronze corrosion, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Bell Tower]]<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell&diff=67731 2015-12-02T10:16:04Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell */</p> <hr /> <div>''This page is a description of a typical Venetian bell. For an overview of all the bells in Venice, see [[Bells]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell, known in Italian as ''campana'', has had many different uses. Before modern times, bells had more purpose than pure musical entertainment. They were signals of danger, disaster, and alarm. Many bells of today were built in medieval times, and were manufactured using a specific set of techniques and materials.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Construction==<br /> The casting of bells is a delicate and precise process. The style of a particular bell depends upon the foundry in which it was made, along with the materials that compose it and the period of its creation.<br /> <br /> ===Material of Bells===<br /> The most common material for bells is bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Very rarely bells were cast in steel and cast iron. This shift in bell materials occurred mainly during times of war, when alloys such as bronze were in short supply since copper was needed in the manufacturing of some weapons. Around 1857 A.D. a combination of iron and carbon, also known as steel, became a material for bell-making. Not soon after it had begun being used it was discarded since the compound was deemed unsuitable for a material of bells.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Casting and Founding===<br /> Bells have typically been made using the same process for over six centuries. A popular method of bell casting is to use sand-casting. In medieval times, when many bells were being produced, molds were made from clay to make a template for the bells. A bell mold had a center mold and an outer mold, where molten bronze was poured between the two and then allowed to cool to take the shape of a bell. Back in the middle ages, sometimes wooden templates were also used. Through the use of these templates the distinctive shape of the bells was formed.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information about bell founding, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ===Acoustics of Bells===<br /> Bells like any other sound generating device can be broken down to a science. The frequency of the waves and thus the sound generated by the vibration is directly proportional to the diameter of the bell and the thickness of the metal. Bells are made to exact formulas so when a diameter is chosen, it is possible to calculate every remaining dimension of the bell and its musical note or tone. The frequency of a bell's note varies with the square of its thickness, and inversely with its diameter. <br /> <br /> If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a maiden bell. Tuned bells are worked after casting to produce a precise note. The bell's strongest overtones are tuned to be at octave intervals below the nominal note, but other notes also need to be brought into their proper relationship. Bells are usually tuned via tuning forks or by more modern electronic tuners.<br /> <br /> ===Striking Methods===<br /> Another key factor in the ringing of the bell is how they are struck. The first method often portrayed in movies is the swinging method. Usually a rope is tugged from the ground that causes the entire bell structure to swing back and forth, and inside the bell, a clapper strikes the sides causing vibrations as seen below. This method is not advisable as it causes a great deal of bell movement, and over time this motion can damage the support structure and leave a streak mark formed by the clapper if the bell is not balanced. The other method is striking the shell of the bell. This causes less structural damage, but over time can leave dents which might ultimately deform the bell and alter its sound. The last common method, similar to the hammer method, is to swing the clapper while the bell remains stationary. <br /> <br /> ===Bell Frame Design===<br /> Two bell frame types are primarily used to suspend bells, the H frame and the A frame. The H frame occurs when the bell is suspended on a cross bar made of heavy H castings usually composed of a durable metal material such as cast iron. Alternatively, H-frames can be stand-alone parallel legs with a single cross beam that holds the bell. A-frames are metal structures that form the shape of an “A” and attach the bell to the ground of the belfry as seen below The metal material resists twisting and provides a secure base for the bell. The popularity of this type of design resides in its greater convenience and construction. The last method of attaching a bell is to mount it to a circular support structure that is free to rotate. The structure is then rocked back and forth while the bell is held firmly on the wheel.<br /> <br /> <br /> Example of an H Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfHFrame_SanFelice.jpg|300px||| Example of an H Frame ]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Example of an A Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfAFrame_SantaMariaDiNazarethScalzi.jpg|300px||| Example of an A Frame ]]<br /> <br /> ===Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell===<br /> The basic anatomy of a bell is fairly universal. On the top of the bell there is typically a wooden crossbeam called a yoke that the bell is attached to. The connecting piece is known as the crown. Commonly made of metal, the crown can be directly attached to the yoke, or the bell can dangle with the crown being tied to a series of leather straps. Connected to the crown of the bell is the head and shoulder section of the bell. This section is tuned to resonate one octave higher than the hum, or main note. The main section of the bell is referred to as the waist. This is the largest section of the bell and is tuned to resonate at a fifth, or quint, of the hum tone. The bottom section of the bell where the flare begins is known as the sound bow. This section is attached to the lip, the very bottom of the bell, and is responsible for the generation of the hum tone. The open bottom of the bell is the mouth. Within the mouth of the bell can be seen the clapper, which is usually a metal rod attached to a metal ball. The clapper hangs free from the shell of the bell so as to invoke independent movements.<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bell ringing, see [[Bell]]''<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:PartsOfABell.jpg|400px||center| Bell Anatomy ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Decoration===<br /> When ancient bells were cast, the moldings and decor on them were treated as a form of art. The inscriptions, figures, and design on each bell were well thought out by the founder and were intended to be a reflection of the founders work.<br /> <br /> Most European bells are similar in their decorations, which usually include an inscription about where or when they were made or an engraving of a religious figure. Another trend founders have implemented was to design a trademark with a symbol or initials instead of writing out the full name of the founder.<br /> <br /> Historical figures are a common form of art found on bells. These include effigies of saints, angels, or royal leaders. In addition, one may find the shield of the patron who invested in the tower or church. However, the most frequently used decor were inscriptions which offer information of whom the bell was dedicated to, who the maker or donor was, when it was cast, and other supplemental information. These are typically in Latin, although some may be in the native Italian.<br /> <br /> IMAGES with examples<br /> <br /> ==Bronze Corrosion==<br /> Most of the bells in Venice, being made of bronze, suffer from a cyclic degrading process known as Bronze disease. The disease refers to a chemical process in which the copper in bronze reacts with elements and moisture in the atmosphere creating a film signifying corrosion. Bell towers provide perfect conditions for bronze disease to propagate by leaving bells exposed to environmental conditions such as humidity, high winds, rain, and moisture. The thick green coating has the ability to transform the object by corroding the surface and possibly removing valuable artwork from its face. Many of the bells have intricate images exuding from their surfaces making corrosion a significant problem.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bronze corrosion, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Bell Tower]]<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell&diff=67730 2015-12-02T10:15:36Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell */</p> <hr /> <div>''This page is a description of a typical Venetian bell. For an overview of all the bells in Venice, see [[Bells]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell, known in Italian as ''campana'', has had many different uses. Before modern times, bells had more purpose than pure musical entertainment. They were signals of danger, disaster, and alarm. Many bells of today were built in medieval times, and were manufactured using a specific set of techniques and materials.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Construction==<br /> The casting of bells is a delicate and precise process. The style of a particular bell depends upon the foundry in which it was made, along with the materials that compose it and the period of its creation.<br /> <br /> ===Material of Bells===<br /> The most common material for bells is bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Very rarely bells were cast in steel and cast iron. This shift in bell materials occurred mainly during times of war, when alloys such as bronze were in short supply since copper was needed in the manufacturing of some weapons. Around 1857 A.D. a combination of iron and carbon, also known as steel, became a material for bell-making. Not soon after it had begun being used it was discarded since the compound was deemed unsuitable for a material of bells.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Casting and Founding===<br /> Bells have typically been made using the same process for over six centuries. A popular method of bell casting is to use sand-casting. In medieval times, when many bells were being produced, molds were made from clay to make a template for the bells. A bell mold had a center mold and an outer mold, where molten bronze was poured between the two and then allowed to cool to take the shape of a bell. Back in the middle ages, sometimes wooden templates were also used. Through the use of these templates the distinctive shape of the bells was formed.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information about bell founding, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ===Acoustics of Bells===<br /> Bells like any other sound generating device can be broken down to a science. The frequency of the waves and thus the sound generated by the vibration is directly proportional to the diameter of the bell and the thickness of the metal. Bells are made to exact formulas so when a diameter is chosen, it is possible to calculate every remaining dimension of the bell and its musical note or tone. The frequency of a bell's note varies with the square of its thickness, and inversely with its diameter. <br /> <br /> If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a maiden bell. Tuned bells are worked after casting to produce a precise note. The bell's strongest overtones are tuned to be at octave intervals below the nominal note, but other notes also need to be brought into their proper relationship. Bells are usually tuned via tuning forks or by more modern electronic tuners.<br /> <br /> ===Striking Methods===<br /> Another key factor in the ringing of the bell is how they are struck. The first method often portrayed in movies is the swinging method. Usually a rope is tugged from the ground that causes the entire bell structure to swing back and forth, and inside the bell, a clapper strikes the sides causing vibrations as seen below. This method is not advisable as it causes a great deal of bell movement, and over time this motion can damage the support structure and leave a streak mark formed by the clapper if the bell is not balanced. The other method is striking the shell of the bell. This causes less structural damage, but over time can leave dents which might ultimately deform the bell and alter its sound. The last common method, similar to the hammer method, is to swing the clapper while the bell remains stationary. <br /> <br /> ===Bell Frame Design===<br /> Two bell frame types are primarily used to suspend bells, the H frame and the A frame. The H frame occurs when the bell is suspended on a cross bar made of heavy H castings usually composed of a durable metal material such as cast iron. Alternatively, H-frames can be stand-alone parallel legs with a single cross beam that holds the bell. A-frames are metal structures that form the shape of an “A” and attach the bell to the ground of the belfry as seen below The metal material resists twisting and provides a secure base for the bell. The popularity of this type of design resides in its greater convenience and construction. The last method of attaching a bell is to mount it to a circular support structure that is free to rotate. The structure is then rocked back and forth while the bell is held firmly on the wheel.<br /> <br /> <br /> Example of an H Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfHFrame_SanFelice.jpg|300px||| Example of an H Frame ]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Example of an A Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfAFrame_SantaMariaDiNazarethScalzi.jpg|300px||| Example of an A Frame ]]<br /> <br /> ===Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell===<br /> The basic anatomy of a bell is fairly universal. On the top of the bell there is typically a wooden crossbeam called a yoke that the bell is attached to. The connecting piece is known as the crown. Commonly made of metal, the crown can be directly attached to the yoke, or the bell can dangle with the crown being tied to a series of leather straps. Connected to the crown of the bell is the head and shoulder section of the bell. This section is tuned to resonate one octave higher than the hum, or main note. The main section of the bell is referred to as the waist. This is the largest section of the bell and is tuned to resonate at a fifth, or quint, of the hum tone. The bottom section of the bell where the flare begins is known as the sound bow. This section is attached to the lip, the very bottom of the bell, and is responsible for the generation of the hum tone. The open bottom of the bell is the mouth. Within the mouth of the bell can be seen the clapper, which is usually a metal rod attached to a metal ball. The clapper hangs free from the shell of the bell so as to invoke independent movements.<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bell ringing, see [[Bell]]<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:PartsOfABell.jpg|400px||center| Bell Anatomy ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Decoration===<br /> When ancient bells were cast, the moldings and decor on them were treated as a form of art. The inscriptions, figures, and design on each bell were well thought out by the founder and were intended to be a reflection of the founders work.<br /> <br /> Most European bells are similar in their decorations, which usually include an inscription about where or when they were made or an engraving of a religious figure. Another trend founders have implemented was to design a trademark with a symbol or initials instead of writing out the full name of the founder.<br /> <br /> Historical figures are a common form of art found on bells. These include effigies of saints, angels, or royal leaders. In addition, one may find the shield of the patron who invested in the tower or church. However, the most frequently used decor were inscriptions which offer information of whom the bell was dedicated to, who the maker or donor was, when it was cast, and other supplemental information. These are typically in Latin, although some may be in the native Italian.<br /> <br /> IMAGES with examples<br /> <br /> ==Bronze Corrosion==<br /> Most of the bells in Venice, being made of bronze, suffer from a cyclic degrading process known as Bronze disease. The disease refers to a chemical process in which the copper in bronze reacts with elements and moisture in the atmosphere creating a film signifying corrosion. Bell towers provide perfect conditions for bronze disease to propagate by leaving bells exposed to environmental conditions such as humidity, high winds, rain, and moisture. The thick green coating has the ability to transform the object by corroding the surface and possibly removing valuable artwork from its face. Many of the bells have intricate images exuding from their surfaces making corrosion a significant problem.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bronze corrosion, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Bell Tower]]<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell&diff=67729 2015-12-02T10:15:03Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Bell Frame Design */</p> <hr /> <div>''This page is a description of a typical Venetian bell. For an overview of all the bells in Venice, see [[Bells]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell, known in Italian as ''campana'', has had many different uses. Before modern times, bells had more purpose than pure musical entertainment. They were signals of danger, disaster, and alarm. Many bells of today were built in medieval times, and were manufactured using a specific set of techniques and materials.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Construction==<br /> The casting of bells is a delicate and precise process. The style of a particular bell depends upon the foundry in which it was made, along with the materials that compose it and the period of its creation.<br /> <br /> ===Material of Bells===<br /> The most common material for bells is bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Very rarely bells were cast in steel and cast iron. This shift in bell materials occurred mainly during times of war, when alloys such as bronze were in short supply since copper was needed in the manufacturing of some weapons. Around 1857 A.D. a combination of iron and carbon, also known as steel, became a material for bell-making. Not soon after it had begun being used it was discarded since the compound was deemed unsuitable for a material of bells.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Casting and Founding===<br /> Bells have typically been made using the same process for over six centuries. A popular method of bell casting is to use sand-casting. In medieval times, when many bells were being produced, molds were made from clay to make a template for the bells. A bell mold had a center mold and an outer mold, where molten bronze was poured between the two and then allowed to cool to take the shape of a bell. Back in the middle ages, sometimes wooden templates were also used. Through the use of these templates the distinctive shape of the bells was formed.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information about bell founding, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ===Acoustics of Bells===<br /> Bells like any other sound generating device can be broken down to a science. The frequency of the waves and thus the sound generated by the vibration is directly proportional to the diameter of the bell and the thickness of the metal. Bells are made to exact formulas so when a diameter is chosen, it is possible to calculate every remaining dimension of the bell and its musical note or tone. The frequency of a bell's note varies with the square of its thickness, and inversely with its diameter. <br /> <br /> If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a maiden bell. Tuned bells are worked after casting to produce a precise note. The bell's strongest overtones are tuned to be at octave intervals below the nominal note, but other notes also need to be brought into their proper relationship. Bells are usually tuned via tuning forks or by more modern electronic tuners.<br /> <br /> ===Striking Methods===<br /> Another key factor in the ringing of the bell is how they are struck. The first method often portrayed in movies is the swinging method. Usually a rope is tugged from the ground that causes the entire bell structure to swing back and forth, and inside the bell, a clapper strikes the sides causing vibrations as seen below. This method is not advisable as it causes a great deal of bell movement, and over time this motion can damage the support structure and leave a streak mark formed by the clapper if the bell is not balanced. The other method is striking the shell of the bell. This causes less structural damage, but over time can leave dents which might ultimately deform the bell and alter its sound. The last common method, similar to the hammer method, is to swing the clapper while the bell remains stationary. <br /> <br /> ===Bell Frame Design===<br /> Two bell frame types are primarily used to suspend bells, the H frame and the A frame. The H frame occurs when the bell is suspended on a cross bar made of heavy H castings usually composed of a durable metal material such as cast iron. Alternatively, H-frames can be stand-alone parallel legs with a single cross beam that holds the bell. A-frames are metal structures that form the shape of an “A” and attach the bell to the ground of the belfry as seen below The metal material resists twisting and provides a secure base for the bell. The popularity of this type of design resides in its greater convenience and construction. The last method of attaching a bell is to mount it to a circular support structure that is free to rotate. The structure is then rocked back and forth while the bell is held firmly on the wheel.<br /> <br /> <br /> Example of an H Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfHFrame_SanFelice.jpg|300px||| Example of an H Frame ]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Example of an A Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfAFrame_SantaMariaDiNazarethScalzi.jpg|300px||| Example of an A Frame ]]<br /> <br /> ===Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell===<br /> The basic anatomy of a bell is fairly universal. On the top of the bell there is typically a wooden crossbeam called a yoke that the bell is attached to. The connecting piece is known as the crown. Commonly made of metal, the crown can be directly attached to the yoke, or the bell can dangle with the crown being tied to a series of leather straps. Connected to the crown of the bell is the head and shoulder section of the bell. This section is tuned to resonate one octave higher than the hum, or main note. The main section of the bell is referred to as the waist. This is the largest section of the bell and is tuned to resonate at a fifth, or quint, of the hum tone. The bottom section of the bell where the flare begins is known as the sound bow. This section is attached to the lip, the very bottom of the bell, and is responsible for the generation of the hum tone. The open bottom of the bell is the mouth. Within the mouth of the bell can be seen the clapper, which is usually a metal rod attached to a metal ball. The clapper hangs free from the shell of the bell so as to invoke independent movements.<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bell ringing, see [[Bell]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PartsOfABell.jpg|400px||center| Bell Anatomy ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Decoration===<br /> When ancient bells were cast, the moldings and decor on them were treated as a form of art. The inscriptions, figures, and design on each bell were well thought out by the founder and were intended to be a reflection of the founders work.<br /> <br /> Most European bells are similar in their decorations, which usually include an inscription about where or when they were made or an engraving of a religious figure. Another trend founders have implemented was to design a trademark with a symbol or initials instead of writing out the full name of the founder.<br /> <br /> Historical figures are a common form of art found on bells. These include effigies of saints, angels, or royal leaders. In addition, one may find the shield of the patron who invested in the tower or church. However, the most frequently used decor were inscriptions which offer information of whom the bell was dedicated to, who the maker or donor was, when it was cast, and other supplemental information. These are typically in Latin, although some may be in the native Italian.<br /> <br /> IMAGES with examples<br /> <br /> ==Bronze Corrosion==<br /> Most of the bells in Venice, being made of bronze, suffer from a cyclic degrading process known as Bronze disease. The disease refers to a chemical process in which the copper in bronze reacts with elements and moisture in the atmosphere creating a film signifying corrosion. Bell towers provide perfect conditions for bronze disease to propagate by leaving bells exposed to environmental conditions such as humidity, high winds, rain, and moisture. The thick green coating has the ability to transform the object by corroding the surface and possibly removing valuable artwork from its face. Many of the bells have intricate images exuding from their surfaces making corrosion a significant problem.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bronze corrosion, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Bell Tower]]<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell&diff=67728 2015-12-02T10:14:22Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This page is a description of a typical Venetian bell. For an overview of all the bells in Venice, see [[Bells]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell, known in Italian as ''campana'', has had many different uses. Before modern times, bells had more purpose than pure musical entertainment. They were signals of danger, disaster, and alarm. Many bells of today were built in medieval times, and were manufactured using a specific set of techniques and materials.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Construction==<br /> The casting of bells is a delicate and precise process. The style of a particular bell depends upon the foundry in which it was made, along with the materials that compose it and the period of its creation.<br /> <br /> ===Material of Bells===<br /> The most common material for bells is bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. Very rarely bells were cast in steel and cast iron. This shift in bell materials occurred mainly during times of war, when alloys such as bronze were in short supply since copper was needed in the manufacturing of some weapons. Around 1857 A.D. a combination of iron and carbon, also known as steel, became a material for bell-making. Not soon after it had begun being used it was discarded since the compound was deemed unsuitable for a material of bells.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Casting and Founding===<br /> Bells have typically been made using the same process for over six centuries. A popular method of bell casting is to use sand-casting. In medieval times, when many bells were being produced, molds were made from clay to make a template for the bells. A bell mold had a center mold and an outer mold, where molten bronze was poured between the two and then allowed to cool to take the shape of a bell. Back in the middle ages, sometimes wooden templates were also used. Through the use of these templates the distinctive shape of the bells was formed.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information about bell founding, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ===Acoustics of Bells===<br /> Bells like any other sound generating device can be broken down to a science. The frequency of the waves and thus the sound generated by the vibration is directly proportional to the diameter of the bell and the thickness of the metal. Bells are made to exact formulas so when a diameter is chosen, it is possible to calculate every remaining dimension of the bell and its musical note or tone. The frequency of a bell's note varies with the square of its thickness, and inversely with its diameter. <br /> <br /> If the bell is mounted as cast, it is called a maiden bell. Tuned bells are worked after casting to produce a precise note. The bell's strongest overtones are tuned to be at octave intervals below the nominal note, but other notes also need to be brought into their proper relationship. Bells are usually tuned via tuning forks or by more modern electronic tuners.<br /> <br /> ===Striking Methods===<br /> Another key factor in the ringing of the bell is how they are struck. The first method often portrayed in movies is the swinging method. Usually a rope is tugged from the ground that causes the entire bell structure to swing back and forth, and inside the bell, a clapper strikes the sides causing vibrations as seen below. This method is not advisable as it causes a great deal of bell movement, and over time this motion can damage the support structure and leave a streak mark formed by the clapper if the bell is not balanced. The other method is striking the shell of the bell. This causes less structural damage, but over time can leave dents which might ultimately deform the bell and alter its sound. The last common method, similar to the hammer method, is to swing the clapper while the bell remains stationary. <br /> <br /> ===Bell Frame Design===<br /> Two bell frame types are primarily used to suspend bells, the H frame and the A frame. The H frame occurs when the bell is suspended on a cross bar made of heavy H castings usually composed of a durable metal material such as cast iron. Alternatively, H-frames can be stand-alone parallel legs with a single cross beam that holds the bell. A-frames are metal structures that form the shape of an “A” and attach the bell to the ground of the belfry as seen below The metal material resists twisting and provides a secure base for the bell. The popularity of this type of design resides in its greater convenience and construction. The last method of attaching a bell is to mount it to a circular support structure that is free to rotate. The structure is then rocked back and forth while the bell is held firmly on the wheel.<br /> <br /> <br /> Example of an H Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfHFrame_SanFelice.jpg|300px||| Example of an H Frame ]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Example of an A Frame: &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[File:ExampleOfAFrame_SantaMariaDiNazarethScalzi.jpg|300px||| Example of an A Frame ]]<br /> <br /> ===Anatomy and Tuning of a Bell===<br /> The basic anatomy of a bell is fairly universal. On the top of the bell there is typically a wooden crossbeam called a yoke that the bell is attached to. The connecting piece is known as the crown. Commonly made of metal, the crown can be directly attached to the yoke, or the bell can dangle with the crown being tied to a series of leather straps. Connected to the crown of the bell is the head and shoulder section of the bell. This section is tuned to resonate one octave higher than the hum, or main note. The main section of the bell is referred to as the waist. This is the largest section of the bell and is tuned to resonate at a fifth, or quint, of the hum tone. The bottom section of the bell where the flare begins is known as the sound bow. This section is attached to the lip, the very bottom of the bell, and is responsible for the generation of the hum tone. The open bottom of the bell is the mouth. Within the mouth of the bell can be seen the clapper, which is usually a metal rod attached to a metal ball. The clapper hangs free from the shell of the bell so as to invoke independent movements.<br /> &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bell ringing, see [[Bell]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PartsOfABell.jpg|400px||center| Bell Anatomy ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Decoration===<br /> When ancient bells were cast, the moldings and decor on them were treated as a form of art. The inscriptions, figures, and design on each bell were well thought out by the founder and were intended to be a reflection of the founders work.<br /> <br /> Most European bells are similar in their decorations, which usually include an inscription about where or when they were made or an engraving of a religious figure. Another trend founders have implemented was to design a trademark with a symbol or initials instead of writing out the full name of the founder.<br /> <br /> Historical figures are a common form of art found on bells. These include effigies of saints, angels, or royal leaders. In addition, one may find the shield of the patron who invested in the tower or church. However, the most frequently used decor were inscriptions which offer information of whom the bell was dedicated to, who the maker or donor was, when it was cast, and other supplemental information. These are typically in Latin, although some may be in the native Italian.<br /> <br /> IMAGES with examples<br /> <br /> ==Bronze Corrosion==<br /> Most of the bells in Venice, being made of bronze, suffer from a cyclic degrading process known as Bronze disease. The disease refers to a chemical process in which the copper in bronze reacts with elements and moisture in the atmosphere creating a film signifying corrosion. Bell towers provide perfect conditions for bronze disease to propagate by leaving bells exposed to environmental conditions such as humidity, high winds, rain, and moisture. The thick green coating has the ability to transform the object by corroding the surface and possibly removing valuable artwork from its face. Many of the bells have intricate images exuding from their surfaces making corrosion a significant problem.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on bronze corrosion, see external_LINK.''<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Bell Tower]]<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bells&diff=67727 2015-12-02T09:42:28Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This page is an overview of all the bells in Venice. For a typical bell, see [[Bell]].''<br /> <br /> Venice has 229 '''bells''' spread throughout the city and lagoon.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The beginning of bell creation and use dates back to 132 A.D. in China.The idea came from a Chinese philosopher by the name of Chang Heng, who invented the first known earthquake detector. He then connected a ringing device to the arm that moved during earthquakes so that a ring would be sounded during large seismic activity.<br /> <br /> From China, the technology spread to the West, where it was used in church towers across Europe and the Western world.<br /> <br /> ''For more information about bell history, see our [[Bells#External Links|External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> Venice has 229 documented bells which have been visited by Venice Project Center groups. The collected data helps illuminate many aspects of the bells, such as their conditions, commonalities, age, number, and size. By examining the conditional ratings of bells for trends, it is possible to determine the urgency for renovation across the city. It can also be determined if these trends have any correlation to the bell's founder or date of casting.<br /> <br /> ===Bell Sizes===<br /> The largest bell documented from Venice is Bell #2 of Sant’ Elena, which has a diameter of 152 cm, and the smallest bell documented is Bell #4 of San Nicolò dei Mendicoli with a diameter of 21 cm.<br /> <br /> [[File:BellSize.png|500px|center| Size of bells ]]<br /> <br /> From the graph above, it can be determined that the most frequent bell diameter ranges from 80 to 99 cm. Ironically, the shape of the graph is approximately a bell curve. The average ratio of diameter to internal bell height is 1.22 with a standard deviation of 0.106. Therefore, the size of the bells may vary, but the shape is similar for all bells in the city.<br /> <br /> ===Ringing Methods===<br /> Most bells in the city employ the same type of ringing method. The use of a wheel or a hammer are the two most common forms of ringing. However, ringing with a wheel is most often used, as 87% of the bells in Venice are rung by wheel. The second most common form are bells rung by both wheel and hammer, with 12% of bells employing this method. The graph below illustrates the share of these ringing mechanisms for the bells of Venice.<br /> <br /> [[File:RingingMechanism.png|500px|center| Bell ringing mechanisms ]]<br /> <br /> ===Bell Condition===<br /> Because bells are an integral part of the material culture of Venice, it is important to track the their condition so it is possible to determine when and to what extent renovation is needed. As discussed in the [[Bell]] article, the materials that bells are made from, although durable, are still vulnerable to chipping, cracking, discoloration, corrosion, and rust. These condition criteria have been rated on a scale of 0 to 4: 0 indicates there is no need for restoration; 4 that restoration is urgent.<br /> <br /> [[File:ConditionOfBells.png|500px|center| Bell condition]]<br /> <br /> The majority of the bells measured have a conditional rating of 1 for both cleanliness and discoloration. This means that there is some discoloration and dirtiness but not a problematic amount. Rust had a slightly higher rating of 2, though this is still relatively minor. The bells that need restoration should have a rating of 4 for each category. Fortunately, there are 5 or fewer bells for each of the categories with ratings of 4. There seems to be little correlation between the three categories. While there seems to be a great number of bells with a certain rating for one category, there may only be a few rated the same in a different category. Perhaps, when considering a bell for restoration, only one type of deterioration must be remedied. However, from the data there are some bells with a rating of 4 in all categories, such as those in the bell tower of San Silvestro.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> *[[Bell Tower]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> *[[Bell Towers]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> *Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument) Bell] page<br /> *[http://cccbr.org.uk/pr/publicity/bellsandbellringing/ UK Central Council of Church Bell Ringers]<br /> *[http://www.verdin.com/ Verdin Bells &amp; Clocks]<br /> *AmeriClock Inc., [http://www.usbellco.com/bell-strikers/ Church Bell Ringing &amp; Bell Strikers]</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67726 2015-12-02T09:29:30Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure of a Campanile==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure of an A vela==<br /> Common to many parts of Italy and other Romantic nations is the A vela, also known as the Roman Bell Towers. These structures are arches with bells that hang from their apex. They were very common during the age of the Roman Empire due to their ease of construction and reliability. Prior to modern material science and engineering designs, large towers were difficult to erect and maintain. For these reasons the Romans built bell arches, a structure they had mastered over centuries. <br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. &lt;references/&gt;2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67725 2015-12-02T09:26:55Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure of a Campanile==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. &lt;references/&gt;2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67724 2015-12-02T09:25:05Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. &lt;references/&gt;2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67723 2015-12-02T09:24:25Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67722 2015-12-02T09:23:54Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.&gt;<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67721 2015-12-02T09:23:07Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67720 2015-12-02T09:22:26Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. &lt;references/&gt;1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67719 2015-12-02T09:20:22Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* External Links */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. 1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==<br /> #https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67718 2015-12-02T09:18:27Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. 1<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.<br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67717 2015-12-02T09:16:34Z

<p>Ksgallagher: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches.<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock. <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher https://wiki.cityknowledge.org/index.php?title=Bell_tower&diff=67716 2015-12-02T09:15:48Z

<p>Ksgallagher: </p> <hr /> <div>''This article contains information about a typical Venetian bell tower. For an overview of all the bell towers, see [[Bell towers]].''<br /> <br /> A Venetian bell tower, known in Italian as ''campanile'', is used to house many [[Bells]]. A bell tower is typically named based on the church it is associated with. Over many centuries the design and aesthetics have changed, but their sole purpose, to house and protect bells while enhancing their sound, remains unchanged. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Structure==<br /> [[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg|400px|thumb|right| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Base===<br /> The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.<br /> <br /> ===Shaft===<br /> The shaft is the part that contributes to the height of the tower and contains stairs, ramps, and landings leading to the belfry. It is usually constructed of brick and mortar, which is varied in strength based on the year that it was constructed because the method for making brick was also changing over time. In addition, to provide the tower with greater flexibility and support, some tower shafts were built using metal rods.<br /> <br /> ===Belfry===<br /> The belfry, located above the shaft, contains the bells and a type of landing. On the exterior, it is the most ornate part of the tower, built using brick and other types of stone or clay. Typically, there are windows or arched openings that allow for the sound of the bells to be heard and occasionally netting to keep pigeons from entering. The bells are hung from the top of the belfry using the traditional A and H frame supports with wood, although some newer towers use metal.<br /> <br /> ===Roof===<br /> Above the belfry there may be an attic which provides additional storage or access to the top of the tower for maintenance. There may also be a balustrade, or a balcony with a railing that runs around the outside of the attic. This is usually accessible from the attic, so that one may enjoy a more expansive view and have additional access to the roof. To get to the attic, there is either a ladder or stairway.<br /> <br /> The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.<br /> <br /> ==Architectural Style==<br /> Like most buildings, there are many different styles of tower architecture. Over the centuries many of the towers have seen numerous renovations resulting in overlapping styles, causing the original style to be virtually indistinguishable. Their eclectic nature reflects the city's history and the diverse ideas that evolved in Venice. Overall, bell towers contribute a great deal to the ambiance of the city. &lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''For more information on architectural styles, see [[Bell tower#External Links| External Links]].''<br /> <br /> ==Bell Tower Maintenance==<br /> [[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg|150px|thumb|left| Earthquake destruction ]] <br /> Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches.<br /> <br /> Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock. <br /> <br /> ==See Also==<br /> *[[Bell Towers]]<br /> *[[Bells]]<br /> *[[Bell]]<br /> *[[Bell Ringing]]<br /> *[[Church]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> #1<br /> Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. &quot;Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake.&quot; Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.<br /> #2<br /> Vezzoni, Cristiano, and Ferruccio Biolcati-Rinaldi. &quot;Church Attendance and Religious Change in Italy, 1968-2010: A Multilevel Analysis of Pooled Datasets.&quot; Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion: 100-18. Publication about the decline of religion in Italy from 1968-2010.<br /> <br /> ==External Links==</div>

Ksgallagher