Venipedia - User contributions [en-gb]

Line 2

2012-12-20T22:09:04Z

Pbobell: Adding images and such

This is information for Line 2 of the [[ACTV|Actv]] public boat transportation company.

==Line 2 Stops==
There are 17 stops in Line 2:

#[[San Marco Zaccaria Boat Stop|San Marco (Zaccaria)]]
#[[San Giorgio Boat Stop|San Giorgio]]
#[[Zitelle Boat Stop|Zitelle]]
#[[Redentore Boat Stop|Redentore]]
#[[Palanca Boat Stop|Palanca]]
#[[Zattere Boat Stop|Zattere]]
#[[San Basilio Boat Stop|San Basilio]]
#[[Sacca Fisola Boat Stop|Sacca Fisola]]
#[[Tronchetto Boat Stop|Tronchetto]]
#[[Piazzale Roma Boat Stop|Piazzale Roma]]
#[[Ferrovia Boat Stop|Ferrovia]]
#[[San Marcuola Boat Stop|San Marcuola]]
#[[Rialto Boat Stop|Rialto]]
#[[San Toma Boat Stop|San Toma]]
#[[San Samuele Boat Stop|San Samuele]]
#[[Accademia Boat Stop|Accademia]]
#[[San Marco Giardinetti Boat Stop|San Marco (Giardinetti)]]

==Line 2 Hours of Operation==
Line 2 operates from 4:59 AM until 12:24 AM. Click [http://www.actv.it/pdf/navigazione/linea2.pdf here] for an updated schedule.

==WPI 2012 Venice IQP Findings for the Impact of Tourism on Line 2==

The number of tourists visiting the city of Venice every year has rapidly been increasing, verging on unsustainability, especially during the summer months. The public transportation network has become more congested. This project investigated the impacts of tourism on the public transportation system by collecting ridership data from the popular boat stops and comparing the counts to the number of cruise ships present for each day. The project concluded that cruise ship passengers increased public boat use by a factor of 2 at the least, and a factor of 4 at the most.

===Ridership Results===
[[Image:Comparing_Tourists_at_Boat_Stops_on_Different_Cruise_Ship_Days.png|thumb|Figure 4-4: Comparing Tourists at Boat Stops on Different Cruise Ship Days]]
[[Image:Percentages_of_tourists_versus_Venetians_at_Piazzale_Roma.png|thumb|Figure 4-5: Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at Piazzale Roma]]
[[Image:Percentages_of_tourists_versus_Venetians_at_San_Marco.png|thumb|Figure 4-6: Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at San Marco]]
[[Image:Percentages_of_tourists_versus_Venetians_at_Rialto.png|thumb|Figure 4-7: Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at Rialto]]

The team collected data from the Piazzale Roma, Rialto, and San Marco boat stops for three days each: one with 4 cruise ships, one with 1 cruise ship, and one with no cruise ships, to compare the amount of tourists that are using the public transportation system.

The team compared the amount of tourists that embark and disembark the boat stops on the different cruise ship days in order to determine how many more tourists are using the boat transportation system on days with 4 ships compared to days with no ships. The data that was collected was also from 9-11 AM and 3-5 PM.

On days with no cruise ships, Piazzale Roma had 1,629 tourists pass through, Rialto had 1,323 tourists, and San Marco had 598 tourists. On days with one ship, Piazzale Roma rose to 1,963 tourists, which is an increase of 20.5% people. Similarly, Rialto’s count rose 75.1% to 2317 tourists, and San Marco’s number increased 108.5% to 1247 tourists.

On days with 4 cruise ships, the increase was even greater. The traffic at Piazzale Roma increased 120.2% to 3587 tourists, compared to the no cruise ship day and the Rialto tourist traffic increased 182.6% to 3,739. Lastly, San Marco saw a sizable increase in the number of tourists, rising to 3,134 which was in increase of 424.1% compared to the day with no cruise ships. A figure displaying this data can be shown in Figure 4-4.

Since the group was able to accurately distinguish between tourists and Venetians, we were able to determine not only how many people were at each stop, but what percentage of that total were tourists and Venetians. By comparing these numbers over the different cruise ship days, the team was able to see how much the ratio between tourists and Venetians changed at the different boat stops.

At Piazzale Roma on a non-cruise ship day, the ratio between the two is almost even, with 47% tourists and 52% Venetians. However, as the number of cruise ships increase, so does the percentage of tourists, so on a four cruise ship day, the tourists outnumber the number of Venetians by 6:1. This data is displayed in Figure 4-5.

A similar trend occurred at San Marco, where the non-cruise ship day contained around a 50/50 split of Venetians and tourists, and the four cruise ship day consisted of 82% tourists and only 18% Venetians. Data showing this is displayed in Figure 4-6.

Lastly, the data from the Rialto stop was slightly different, with much more Venetians using the boat network at Line 2 than tourists. On the day with one cruise ship, the percentages of Venetians versus tourists were almost identical, with 49% tourists and 51% Venetians, as shown in Figure 4-7. Lastly, on the four cruise ship day, the boat transportation system was overwhelmed with over ¾ of all of the passengers being tourists, and only 1/4 being Venetians.

===Impact of Cruise Ships on ACTV Line 2===

To analyze the impact of tourists on the ACTV boat network, the team was able to look at how much the tourists changed the overall percentage of people using the boat transportation system on Line 2, as well as the total number of tourists using each boat stop. Lastly, all of the tourism data was compiled by boat stop, and maximums, minimums, and averages were calculated to show how many extra people are found at these boat stops over the three different cruise ship days.

===Tourists Affecting Line 2 at Observed Boat Stops===
[[Image:Total_Percentage_of_Tourists_versus_Venetians_on_All_Days_at_Rialto,_San_Marco,_and_Piazzale_Roma.png|thumb|Figure 5-1: Total Percentage of Tourists versus Venetians on All Days at Three Stops]]
[[Image:Number_of_Tourists_Using_the_Public_Transportation_System_on_Different_Cruise_Ship_Days.png|thumb|Figure 5-2: Number of Tourists Using the Public Transportation System on Different Cruise Ship Days]]
[[Image:Expected_Flow_of_Tourists_through_Venice_in_the_Morning.png|thumb|Figure 5-3: Expected Flow of Tourists through Venice in the Morning]]
[[Image:Expected_Flow_of_Tourists_through_Venice_in_the_Afternoon.png|thumb|Figure 5-4: Expected Flow of Tourists through Venice in the Afternoon]]
[[Image:Tourist_Passenger_Ranges_and_Averages_at_Piazzale_Roma.png|thumb|Figure 5-5: Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages at Piazzale Roma]]
[[Image:Tourist_Passenger_Ranges_and_Averages_at_Rialto.png|thumb|Figure 5-6: Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages at Rialto]]
[[Image:Tourists_Passenger_Ranges_and_Averages_at_San_Marco.png|thumb|Figure 5-7: Tourists Passenger Ranges and Averages at San Marco]]
[[Image:Overall_Tourist_Passenger_Ranges_and_Averages.png|thumb|Figure 5-8: Overall Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages]]

First, the group wanted to determine the overall percentage of Venetians versus tourists on the different cruise ship days, so the total numbers for each were analyzed and the data is shown below in Figure 5-1. All of these data were collected during the hours of 9-11 AM and 3-5 PM.

From the figure, on the non-cruise ship days, there were more Venetians overall compared the tourists, which is due to the low amount of tourists in general during the early winter months. With the addition of just one cruise ship in port, the amount of tourists increased to 56%. Since the maximum capacity of the one cruise ship days was 3,780 passengers, it only took less than 4,000 passengers throughout the City to affect the overall population at all three boat stops. Lastly, with four cruise ships in the Port of Venice, the overall tourist counts jumped to 82%, which is a 44% increase in the total population of people using the Line 2 ACTV boats. This massive increase extremely affects the public transportation system, all within a day throughout the entire city.

The team then decided to analyze the number of tourists using the public transportation system at the three different boat stops, Piazzale Roma, Rialto, and San Marco, on different cruise ship days. The group determined that overall, on days with 4 cruise ships, there was a dramatic increase in tourists using Line 2 of the public transportation system all over the City. Just at Rialto, the amount of tourists nearly tripled from the non-cruise ship day to the high cruise ship day. At Piazzale Roma, the tourists more than doubled between the two days, and finally at San Marco, the total amount of tourists multiplied by 5. The total number of tourists using the public transportation system at the three boat stops on different cruise ship days can be seen in Figure 5-2.

This large influx of people greatly impacts the boat transportation network and as a result, sometimes crowds the vaporetti so much that multiple boats need to be sent to accommodate all of the people, which occurred multiple times at Rialto on the high cruise ship days.

===Analysis of the Flow of Tourism Throughout the City===

All of the days that were picked to count had cruise ships arrive around 9:00AM and leave around 5:00PM. Because of this, the group observed that the tourists had a distinct travel pattern. For example, in the morning, when the cruise passengers leave the ship, their main priority is usually to visit the iconic sites of that particular city. In order to get to these sites, people generally use public transportation because it is inexpensive and quick. Since Piazzale Roma is the closest boat stop to the cruise ship ports, it is ideal for tourists to choose to enter the public transportation system here. Then, they would likely travel down the Grand Canal to the Rialto stop, which is next to the Rialto Bridge, and the San Marco Stop, located next to Saint Mark’s Square. This flow of tourism is depicted in Figure 5-3.

Similarly, in the afternoon, tourists need to get back to the cruise ship port in order to board their ship in time for its departure. To get back to the cruise ship port, the tourists, who are still enjoying the legendary sites, decide to use the transportation system from where they are, Rialto and San Marco, and travel back up the Grand Canal until they reach Piazzale Roma and then disembark. This flow of tourists is shown in Figure 5-4.

To prove that this tourist flow was actually occurring, the group calculated ranges and averages of tourists for all of the days at each stop. At Piazzale Roma, these numbers represent the tourists embarking in the morning and disembarking in the afternoon. The group observed that many more tourists board the boats at this stop in the morning, most likely due to the arrival of cruise ships or other methods of entry to the City. In contrast, more tourists disembark from the boats in the afternoon. This pattern is expected because of the departure of cruise ships, so tourists who need to return to the ships must begin to make their way back to Piazzale Roma in order to get to the ship port on time for their departure. Therefore, the graph shown in Figure 5-5 only represents tourists embarking in the morning, and disembarking in the afternoon at Piazzale Roma.

An opposing pattern occurred at the Rialto boat stop, with more tourists disembarking in the morning, and embarking in the afternoon. This trend is also based on the arrivals and departures of cruise ships. In the morning, tourists coming from cruise ships may utilize the public transportation system in order to reach other destinations, and in the afternoon, they must embark back on the ACTV boats to return to their ships. The following figure depicts the ranges and averages of tourists disembarking in the morning, and embarking in the afternoon at the Rialto boat stop.

The San Marco boat stop saw the same pattern of tourist movement as the Rialto boat stop, and its graph of ranges and averages of tourist passengers on Line 2 is below in Figure 5-7.

The general trend of these graphs is that the ranges and average number of tourists per boat per hour will increase on days when there are cruise ships visiting Venice. The combined ranges and averages are shown in Figure 5-8.

This graph shows that on days with 1 cruise ship in Venice, the total average number of tourists using Line 2 at Piazzale Roma, Rialto, and San Marco increases, along with the minimum and maximum number of tourists. When there are 4 cruise ships, the total average, minimum, and maximum number of tourists using Line 2 at these three stops increases even more, with the exception of the hour between 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM.

==All Actv Lines==
[[File:Actv Routes.PNG|center]]

=See Also=
*[[ACTV]]
*[[ACTV Boat Stops]]
*[[ACTV Boat Lines]]
*http://www.actv.it/pdf/navigazione/linea2.pdf

=External Links=
All raw data can be viewed here https://docs.google.com/folder/d/0B9kJ1wT04N5yc0RKSnpEaVktXzg/edit

<references/>
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| title = ACTV Boat Lines and Stops
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| group2 = [[Line 2]]
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| group3 = [[Line 3]]
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| group4 = [[Line 4.1]]
| list4 = [[Murano_Museo_Boat_Stop|Murano Museo]]{{·}}[[Murano_da_Mula_Boat_Stop|Murano da Mula]]{{·}}[[Murano_Venier_Boat_Stop|Murano Venier]]{{·}}[[Murano_Serenella_Boat_Stop|Murano Serenella]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Cimitero_Boat_Stop|Cimitero]]{{·}}[[Fondamente Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Orto_Boat_Stop|Orto]]{{·}}[[Sant'Alvise_Boat_Stop|Sant'Alvise]]{{·}}[[Crea_Boat_Stop|Crea]]{{·}}[[Guglie_Boat_Stop|Guglie]]{{·}}[[Ferrovia_Boat_Stop|Ferrovia]]{{·}}[[Piazzale_Roma_Boat_Stop|Piazzale Roma]]{{·}}[[Santa_Marta_Boat_Stop|Santa Marta]]{{·}}[[Sacca_Fisola_Boat_Stop|Sacca Fisola]]{{·}}[[Palanca_Boat_Stop|Palanca]]{{·}}[[Redentore_Boat_Stop|Redentore]]{{·}}[[Zitelle_Boat_Stop|Zitelle]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Arsenale_Boat_Stop|Arsenale]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Sant'Elena_Boat_Stop|Sant'Elena]]{{·}}[[Certosa_Boat_Stop|Certosa]]{{·}}[[San_Pietro_Di_Castello_Boat_Stop|San Pietro di Castello]]{{·}}[[Bacini_Boat_Stop|Bacini]]{{·}}[[Celestia_Boat_Stop|Celestia]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]

| group5 = [[Line 4.2]]
| list5 = [[Murano_Venier_Boat_Stop|Murano Venier]]{{·}}[[Murano_da_Mula_Boat_Stop|Murano da Mula]]{{·}}[[Murano_Museo_Boat_Stop|Murano Museo]]{{·}}[[Murano_Navagero_Boat_Stop|Murano Navagero]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Cimitero_Boat_Stop|Cimitero]]{{·}}[[Fondamente Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]{{·}}[[Celestia_Boat_Stop|Celestia]]{{·}}[[Bacini_Boat_Stop|Bacini]]{{·}}[[San_Pietro_Di_Castello_Boat_Stop|San Pietro di Castello]]{{·}}[[Certosa_Boat_Stop|Certosa]]{{·}}[[Sant'Elena_Boat_Stop|Sant'Elena]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Arsenale_Boat_Stop|Arsenale]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Zitelle_Boat_Stop|Zitelle]]{{·}}[[Redentore_Boat_Stop|Redentore]]{{·}}[[Palanca_Boat_Stop|Palanca]]{{·}}[[Sacca_Fisola_Boat_Stop|Sacca Fisola]]{{·}}[[Santa_Marta_Boat_Stop|Santa Marta]]{{·}}[[Piazzale_Roma_Boat_Stop|Piazzale Roma]]{{·}}[[Ferrovia_Boat_Stop|Ferrovia]]{{·}}[[Guglie_Boat_Stop|Guglie]]{{·}}[[Crea_Boat_Stop|Crea]]{{·}}[[Sant'Alvise_Boat_Stop|Sant'Alvise]]{{·}}[[Orto_Boat_Stop|Orto]]{{·}}[[Fondamente Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]

| group6 = [[Line 5.1]]
| list6 = [[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[San_Pietro_di_Castello_Boat_Stop|San Pietro di Castello]]{{·}}[[Bacini_Boat_Stop|Bacini]]{{·}}[[Celestia_Boat_Stop|Celestia]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]{{·}}[[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Orto_Boat_Stop|Orto]]{{·}}[[Sant'Alvise_Boat_Stop|Sant'Alvise]]{{·}}[[Tre_Archi_Boat_Stop|Tre Archi]]{{·}}[[Guglie_Boat_Stop|Guglie]]{{·}}[[Riva_de_Biasio_Boat_Stop|Riva de Biasio]]{{·}}[[Ferrovia_Boat_Stop|Ferrovia]]{{·}}[[Piazzale Roma_Boat_Stop|Piazzale Roma]]{{·}}[[Santa_Marta_Boat_Stop|Santa Marta]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Sant'Elena_Boat_Stop|Sant'Elena]]

| group7 = [[Line 5.2]]
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| group8 = [[Line 6]]
| list8 = [[Piazzale_Roma_Boat_Stop|Piazzale Roma]]{{·}}[[Santa_Marta_Boat_Stop|Santa Marta]]{{·}}[[San_Basilio_Boat_Stop|San Basilio]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[Spirito_Santo_Boat_Stop|Spirito Santo]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Sant'Elena_Boat_Stop|Sant'Elena]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]

| group9 = [[Line 9]]
| list9 = [[Burano_Boat_Stop|Burano]]{{·}}[[Torcello_Boat_Stop|Torcello]]

| group10 = [[Line 10]]
| list10 = [[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Giardinetti_Boat_Stop|San Marco Giardinetti]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}

| group11 = [[Line 11]]
| list11 = [[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Alberoni_Boat_Stop|Alberoni]]{{·}}[[Santa_Maria_del_Mare_Boat_Stop|Santa Maria del Mare]]{{·}}[[Pellestrina_Boat_Stop|Pellestrina]]{{·}}[[Caroman_Boat_Stop|Caroman]]{{·}}[[Chioggia_Boat_Stop|Chioggia]]{{·}}

| group12 = [[Line 12]]
| list12 = [[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Mazzorbo_Boat_Stop|Mazzorbo]]{{·}}[[Torcello_Boat_Stop|Torcello]]{{·}}[[Burano_Boat_Stop|Burano]]{{·}}[[Treporti_Boat_Stop|Treporti]]{{·}}[[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]{{·}}

| group13 = [[Line 13]]
| list13 = [[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Vignole_Boat_Stop|Vignole]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Capannone_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Capannone]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Chiesa_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Chiesa]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Punta_Vela_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Punta Vela]]{{·}}[[Treporti_Boat_Stop|Treporti]]{{·}}

| group14 = [[Line 14]] & [[Line 15|15]]
| list14 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Pietà_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria Pietà]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]

| group15 = [[Line 16]]
| list15 = [[Fusina_Boat_Stop|Fusina]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]

| group16 = [[Line 17]]
| list16 = [[Tronchetto_Boat_Stop|Tronchetto]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]

| group17 = [[Line 20]]
| list17 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[San_Servolo_Boat_Stop|San Servolo]]{{·}}[[San_Lazzaro_Boat_Stop|San Lazzaro]]

| group18 = [[Line 22]]
| list18 = [[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]{{·}}[[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Tre_Archi_Boat_Stop|Tre Archi]]
}}
{{Navbox
| name = Navbox/doc
| title = Seasonal and Night ACTV Lines and Stops
| group1 = [[Line 7]]
| list1 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Murano_Navagero_Boat_Stop|Murano Navagero]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]
| group2 = [[Line 8]]
| list2 = [[Sacca_Fisola_Boat_Stop|Sacca Fisola]]{{·}}[[San_Basilio_Boat_Stop|San Basilio]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[Palanca_Boat_Stop|Palanca]]{{·}}[[Redentore_Boat_Stop|Redentore]]{{·}}[[Zitelle_Boat_Stop|Zitelle]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Lido_San_Nicolo_Boat_Stop|Lido San Nicolo]]
| group3 = [[Line 14L]]
| list3 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Lido_San_Nicolo_Boat_Stop|Lido San Nicolo]]{{·}}[[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]
| group4 = [[Line 18]]
| list4 = [[Murano_Navagero_Boat_Stop|Murano Navagero]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Forte_Massimiliano_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Forte Massimiliano]]{{·}}[[Lido_San_Nicolo_Boat_Stop|Lido San Nicolo]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]
| group5 = [[Line 19]]
| list5 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Chioggia_Boat_Stop|Chioggia]]{{·}}
| group6 = [[Line 21]]
| list6 = [[San_Giuliano|San Giuliano]]{{·}}[[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]
| group7 = [[Line N]]
| list7 = [[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[San_Giorgio_Boat_Stop|San Giorgio]]{{·}}[[Zitelle_Boat_Stop|Zitelle]]{{·}}[[Redentore_Boat_Stop|Redentore]]{{·}}[[Palanca_Boat_Stop|Palanca]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[San_Basilio_Boat_Stop|San Basilio]]{{·}}[[Sacca_Fisola_Boat_Stop|Sacca Fisola]]{{·}}[[Tronchetto_Boat_Stop|Tronchetto]]{{·}}[[Tronchetto_Mercato_Boat_Stop|Tronchetto Mercato]]{{·}}[[Piazzale_Roma_Boat_Stop|Piazzale Roma]]{{·}}[[Ferrovia_Boat_Stop|Ferrovia]]{{·}}[[Riva_de_Biasio_Boat_Stop|Riva de Biasio]]{{·}}[[San_Marcuola_Boat_Stop|San Marcuola]]{{·}}[[San_Stae_Boat_Stop|San Stae]]{{·}}[[Cà_D'Oro_Boat_Stop|Cà D'Oro]]{{·}}[[Rialto_Mercato_Boat_Stop|Rialto Mercato]]{{·}}[[Rialto_Boat_Stop|Rialto]]{{·}}[[San_Tomà_Boat_Stop|San Tomà]]{{·}}[[San_Samuele_Boat_Stop|San Samuele]]{{·}}[[Accademia_Boat_Stop|Accademia]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Vallaresso_Boat_Stop|San Marco Vallaresso]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Giardini_Boat_Stop|Giardini]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]
| group8 = [[Line N. Lagoon]]
| list8 = [[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Vignole_Boat_Stop|Vignole]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Capannone_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Capannone]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Chiesa_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Chiesa]]{{·}}[[Sant'Erasmo_Punta_Vela_Boat_Stop|Sant'Erasmo Punta Vela]]{{·}}[[Mazzorbo_Boat_Stop|Mazzorbo]]{{·}}[[Torcello_Boat_Stop|Torcello]]{{·}}[[Burano_Boat_Stop|Burano]]{{·}}[[Treporti_Boat_Stop|Treporti]]{{·}}[[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]
| group9 = [[Line Murano]]
| list9 = [[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Murano_Faro_Boat_Stop|Murano Faro]]{{·}}[[Murano_Navagero_Boat_Stop|Murano Navagero]]{{·}}[[Murano_Museo_Boat_Stop|Murano Museo]]{{·}}[[Murano_Venier_Boat_Stop|Murano Venier]]{{·}}[[Murano_Serenella_Boat_Stop|Murano Serenella]]
}}
{{Navbox
| name = Navbox/doc
| title = Alilaguna Boat Lines and Stops
| group1 = [[Line Blu]]
| list1= [[C_Terminal_Boat_Stop|C_Terminal]]{{·}}[[Giudecca_Boat_Stop|Giudecca]]{{·}}[[Zattere_Boat_Stop|Zattere]]{{·}}[[Zitelle_Boat_Stop|Zitelle]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Giardinetti_Boat_Stop|San Marco Giardinetti]]{{·}}[[San_Marco_Zaccaria_Boat_Stop|San Marco Zaccaria]]{{·}}[[Arsenale_Boat_Stop|Arsenale]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Bacini_Boat_Stop|Bacini]]{{·}}[[Ospedale_Boat_Stop|Ospedale]]{{·}}[[Fondamente Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Airport_Boat_Stop|Airport]]
| group2 = [[Line Arancio]]
| list2 =[[San_Marco_Giardinetti_Boat_Stop|San Marco Giardinetti]]{{·}}[[Cà_Rezzonico_Boat_Stop|Cà Rezzonico]]{{·}}[[Sant'Angelo_Boat_Stop|Sant'Angelo]]{{·}}[[Rialto_Boat_Stop|Rialto]]{{·}}[[San_Stae_Boat_Stop|San Stae]]{{·}}[[Guglie_Boat_Stop|Guglie]]{{·}}[[Orto_Boat_Stop|Orto]]{{·}}[[Airport_Boat_Stop|Airport]]
| group3 = [[Line Rossa]]
| list3 = [[Lido_Casino_Boat_Stop|Lido Casino]]{{·}}[[Lido_Boat_Stop|Lido]]{{·}}[[Certosa_Boat_Stop|Certosa]]{{·}}[[Murano_Museo_Boat_Stop|Murano Museo]]{{·}}[[Airport_Boat_Stop|Airport]]
| group4 = [[Line Giallo]]
| list4 =[[Fondamente_Nove_Boat_Stop|Fondamente Nove]]{{·}}[[Murano_Colonna_Boat_Stop|Murano Colonna]]{{·}}[[Punta_Sabbioni_Boat_Stop|Punta Sabbioni]]{{·}}[[Treporti_Boat_Stop|Treporti]]
| group5 = [[Line Verde]]
| list5 = Line Verde is sightseeing route not meant for public transportation
}}

File:Overall Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages.png

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File:Tourists Passenger Ranges and Averages at San Marco.png

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File:Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages at Rialto.png

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File:Tourist Passenger Ranges and Averages at Piazzale Roma.png

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File:Expected Flow of Tourists through Venice in the Afternoon.png

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File:Expected Flow of Tourists through Venice in the Morning.png

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File:Number of Tourists Using the Public Transportation System on Different Cruise Ship Days.png

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File:Total Percentage of Tourists versus Venetians on All Days at Rialto, San Marco, and Piazzale Roma.png

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File:Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at Rialto.png

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File:Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at San Marco.png

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File:Percentages of tourists versus Venetians at Piazzale Roma.png

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File:Comparing Tourists at Boat Stops on Different Cruise Ship Days.png

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Line 2

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Pbobell: Line 2 ACTV page for Transportation team

This is information for Line 2 of the [[ACTV|Actv]] public boat transportation company.

==Line 2 Stops==
There are 7 stops in Line 2: San Zaccaria - Giudecca - Tronchetto - Piazzale Roma - Ferrovia - Rialto - San Marco Giardinetti

==Line 2 Hours of Operation==
Line 2 operates from 4:59 AM until 8:41 PM. Click [http://www.actv.it/pdf/navigazione/linea2.pdf here] for an updated schedule.

==Line 2 Passenger Data==

{| border="1"
|+ Line 2 Passenger Movement for San Marco
! scope="col" | Actv Boat Stop
! scope="col" | Arriving
! scope="col" | Departing
! scope="col" | Arriving Southbound
! scope="col" | Arriving Northbound
! scope="col" | Departing Southbound
! scope="col" | Departing Northbound
|-
! scope="row" | Sant'Angelo
| 72 || 0 || || || ||
|-
! scope="row" | San Samuele
| || || 34 || 19 || 13 || 13
|}

==All Actv Lines==
[[File:Actv Routes.PNG]]

File:Actv Routes.PNG

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Churches

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{{Infobox Coat of Arms2
|image=[[File:San Marco Churches.jpg|200px]]
|header1=General
|label1=Total Number
|data1={{{0}}}
|label2=Total Number in (blank) Island
|data2={{{0}}}
|label3=Oldest
|data3={{{Church name}}}
|label4=Newest
|data4={{{Church name}}}
}}

Churches, or ''chiese'' in Italian, are a common feature in most squares, or ''campo'', throughout the city of Venice. 144 churches can be seen in the city's skyline, with a few recognizable landmarks, such as the bell tower at [[Saint Mark's Basilica]], standing out. Churches have become a tourist attraction in the city, with the majority of the tourists arriving in the city visiting Saint Mark's Square. While some of the other churches have been closed or sold and converted to other uses, many still hold religious services weekly. Several of these share their daily mass schedule with the other churches in the parish, with each church having daily mass about twice a week.

==History==
One of the reasons Venice has so many churches is that each community in the city built its own place of worship, usually as a way of bring the community together. Churches were often used by wealthy merchants of Venice to showcase their wealth. Additionally, the prominent use of stone, such as marble and granite, had a two-fold benefit. The stone is durable enough to survive the seasonal flooding that is characteristic of Venice and it also keeps the buildings cool during the hot summer months. Additionally, smaller pieces of stone were used to create mosaics on all surfaces of the churches, known locally as ''terrazzo''. The skills used to create these magnificent designs have been passed down through the generations to artisans today, who carry on the ancient traditions of their ancestors.<ref> Sammartini, Tudy. Decorative Floors of Venice. London: Merrell, 2000. </ref>

Additionlly, the churches contain tombs or plaques in their floors. These [[Church Floor Artifacts]] contain valuable information that can provide a glimpse into the Venetian past.



==Map==

Google map highlighting the churches.
==See Also==
[[Church Floor Artifacts]] [[Islands]]
===List of Churches===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Cannaregio
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Alvise || [[Church of San Alvise]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa Anglicana || [[I Anglicana]] || Lutheran
|-
| Chiesa di S. Apostoli || [[Church of I Santi Apostoli]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta dei Gesuiti || [[Church of I Gesuiti]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di San Bonaventura || [[Church of San Bonaventura]] || Under Construction
|-
| Chiesa di S. Canciano || [[Church of San Canciano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria Madre del Redentore || [[Church of Le Cappuccine]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Suore Dorotee || [[Church of Suore Dorotee]] || Catholic Nun Institute
|-
| Chiesa di S. Felice || [[Church of San Felice]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fosca|| [[Church of San Fosca]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Geremia e Lucia || [[Church of San Geremia]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Giobbe e Barnardino || [[Church of San Giobbe]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Girolomo || [[Church of San Girolomo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa S. Giovanni Griostomo || [[Church of San Giovanni Griostomo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Leonardo || [[Church of San Leonardo]] || Event Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maddalena || [[Church of La Maddalena]] || Catholic, Biennale Exhibit
|-
| Chiesa di Santi Ermagora e Fortunato || [[Church of San Marcuola]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Marcilliano|| [[Church of San Marziale]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dei Miracoli || [[Church of I Maracoli]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Cristoforo || [[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria delle Penitenti || [[Church of Le Penitenti]] || Catholic, Under Construction
|-
| Chiesa di S. Caterina || [[Church of San Caterina]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria di Nazareth || [[Church of Gli Scalzi]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dei Servi || [[Church of I Servi]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sofia || [[Church of San Sofia]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria di Val Verde || [[Church of La Misericordia]] || Closed to the Public
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Castello
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Anna || [[Church of San Anna]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Antonino || [[Church of San Antonino]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Biagio || [[Church of San Biagio]] || Hotel
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Batista in Bragora || [[Church of La Bragora]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa della Ca' di Dio || [[Church of Ca' di Dio]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Elena || [[Church of San Elena]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Consolazione || [[Church of La Fava]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Formosa || [[Church of San Maria Formosa]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gioacchino || [[Church of San Giocchino]] || Student Housing
|-
| Chiesa dei Ss. Giovanni e Paolo || [[Church of San Zanipolo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giustina || [[Church of San Giustina]] || Catholic, Giambattista Benedetti High School
|-
| Chiesa S. Giorgio dei Greci || [[Church of I Greci]] || Greek Orthodox
|-
| Chiesa di S. Isepo || [[Church of San Giuseppe]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Lazzaro dei Mendicanti || [[Church of I Medicanti]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Lorenzo || [[Church of San Lorenzo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni dei Cavalieri di Malta || [[Church of San Giovanni di Malta]] || Catholic, Under Reconstruction
|-
| Chiesa delle Suore Mantellate || [[Church of Suore Mantellate]] || Catholic, Convent
|-
| Chiesa di S. Martino di Castello || [[Church of San Martino]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolo dei Mendicoli || [[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]] || Catholic, Hospital
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria Assunta dei Derelitti || [[Church of L'Ospedallette]] || Catholic, Hospital
|-
| Chiesa di S. Francesco di Paula || [[Church of San Francesco di Paula]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria del Pianto || [[Church of San Maria del Pianto]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Apostolo || [[Church of San Pietro]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa La Pietà S. Maria della Visitazione || [[Church of La Pietà]] || Museum of Art
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giorgio degli Schiavoni || [[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]] || School
|-
| Chiesa di S. Leone IX pp. || [[Church of San Lio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Francesco de la Vigna || [[Church of La Vigna]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Zaccaria || [[Church of San Zaccaria]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Novo || [[Church of San Zaninovo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Dorsoduro
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Agnese || [[Church of San Agnese]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Barnaba || [[Church of San Barnaba]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria de la Carità || [[Church of La Carità]] || Catholic, Academy Gallery
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta del Carmelo || [[Church of I Carmini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gallo || [[Church of San Gallo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria del Rosario || [[Church of I Gesuati]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gregorio || [[Church of San Gregorio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Margherita || [[Church of San Margherita]] || Catholic, Venice University Building
|-
| Chiesa dei S. Giovanni Battista ai Catecumeni || [[Church of I Catecumeni]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Ognisanti || [[Church of Ognisanti]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Pantaleone || [[Church of San Pantalon]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa de S. Angelo Raffaele || [[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa delle Eremitane || [[Church of Le Romite]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Maria della Salute || [[Church of La Salute]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sebastiano || [[Church of San Sebastiano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Marta || [[Church of Santa Marta]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa dello Spirito Santo || [[Church of Spirito Santo]] || Catholic, Private Residence
|-
| Chiesa di S. Teresa || [[Church of Le Teresa]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gervasio e Protasio || [[Church of San Trovaso]] || Catholic
|-
| Santi Vito e Modesto || [[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Visitazione || [[Church of San Maria della Visitazione]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Vito e Modesto || [[Church of San Vito e Modesto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Georgio || [[Church of St. San Georgio]] check || Anglican
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolo dei Mendicoli || [[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Santa Croce
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Andrea Apostolo || [[Church of La Zirada]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maggiore || [[Church of San Maria Maggiore]] || Catholic, Prison
|-
| Chiesa di Maria Mater Domini || [[Church of Maria Mater Domini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nome di Gesu || [[Church of Nome di Gesu]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giacomo dell'Orio || [[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Simeone Profeta || [[Church of San Simeon Grando]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Simeone e Giuda || [[Church of San Simeon Piccolo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Eustachio || [[Church of San Stae]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicola da Tolentino || [[Church of I Tolentini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Decollato || [[Church of San Zandegola]] || Russian Orthodox
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | San Marco
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Oratorio dell'Annunciata || [[Church of Oratorio dell'Annunciata]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Bartolomeo || [[Church of San Bartolomeo]] || Catholic
|-
| Basilica di S. Marco || [[Church of San Marco]] check useage || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Basso || [[Church of San Basso]] || Catholic, Music Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Benedetto || [[Church of San Benedetto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa della S. Croce degli Armeni || [[Church of Santa Croce]] || Armenian Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fantino || [[Church of San Fantin]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Georgio || [[Church of San Georgio]] double? || check
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria del Giglio || [[Church of San Maria Zobenigo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Luca || [[Church of San Luco]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maurizio || [[Church of San Maurizio]] || Museum of Music
|-
| Chiesa di S. Moisè Profeta || [[Church of San Moisè]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Ss. Salvatore || [[Church of San Salvador]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Samuele Profeta || [[Church of San Samuele]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Stefano Profeta || [[Church of San Stefano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Teodoro || [[Church of San Teodoro]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Vitale || [[Church of San Vidal]] || Catholic, Concert Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giuliano || [[Church of San Zulian]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Apostoli || [[Church of I Santi Apostoli]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | San Polo
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Aponallinare || [[Church of San Aponal]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Cassiano || [[Church of San Cassian]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Elemosinario || [[Church of San Giovanni Elemonsinario]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Evangelista || [[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari || [[Church of I Frari]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giacomo Apostolo || [[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Paolo Apostolo || [[Church of San Polo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Rocco || [[Church of San Rocco]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Silvestro || [[Church of San Silvestro]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Tomà || [[Church of San Tommaso]] || Campo San Toma
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Giudecca
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maddalena Convertite || [[Church of San Convertite]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Cosma e Damiamo || [[Church of San Cosmo]] || Catholic, Public Housing
|-
| Chiesa della Croce || [[Church of La Croce]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Eufemia || [[Church of San Eufemia]] || Presbyterian
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gerardo || [[Church of San Gerardo]] || Catholic
|-
| Ciesa di S. Giorgio Maggiore in Isola || [[Church of San Giorgio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa del SS. Redentore || [[Church of I Redentore]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa della SS. Trinità || [[Church of San Trinità]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Presentazione || [[Church of Le Zitelle]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="4" | Islands
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination !! Island
|-
| Oratorio di San Barnaba di Burano || [[Church of San Barnaba]] || Unknown || Burano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Martino di Burano || [[Church of San Martino]] || Catholic || Burano
|-
| Sant'Erasmo || [[Church of Sant'Erasmo]] || Catholic || Erasmo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dell'Assunzione || [[Church of San Maria dell'Assunzione]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Elisabetta || [[Church of San Maria Elisabetta]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolò del Lido || [[Church of San Nicolò]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Antonio || [[Church of San Antonio]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Angelo || [[Church of San Angelo]] || Closed to the Public || Mazzorbo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Caterina di Mazzorbo || [[Church of San Caterina]] || Catholic || Mazzorbo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Donato || [[Church of San Donato]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Martire || [[Church of San Martire]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria degli Angeli || [[Church of San Maria degli Angeli]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Sant'Antonio || [[Church of Sant'Antonio]] || Catholic, Sanctuary|| Pellestrina
|-
| Ognissanti di Pellestrina || [[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]] || Catholic || Pellestrina
|-
| San Michele || [[Church of San Michele]] || Catholic || S. Michele
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Apostolo || [[San Pietro]] || Catholic || San Pietro in Volta
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta di Torcello || [[Church of San Maria Assunta]] || Catholic || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sofia di Torcello || [[Church of San Sofia]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fosca || [[Church of San Fosca]] || Catholic || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di Sant'Erosia || [[Church of Sant'Erosia]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public || Vignole
|-
|}
==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
http://churchesofvenice.co.uk

Churches

2012-12-14T13:42:06Z

Pbobell: Transfer from "future" installation...needs cleaning.

{{Infobox Coat of Arms2
|image=[[File:San Marco Churches.jpg|200px]]
|header1=General
|label1=Total Number
|data1={{{0}}}
|label2=Total Number in (blank) Island
|data2={{{0}}}
|label3=Oldest
|data3={{{Church name}}}
|label4=Newest
|data4={{{Church name}}}
}}

<ref name="World Monuments Fund Affiliates">{{cite web |url=http://www.wmf.org/affiliates |title=World Monuments Fund Affiliates}}</ref>
<ref>http://arzana.org/chi-siamo/</ref>

<br> Churches, or ''chiese'' in Italian, are a common feature in most squares, or ''campo'', throughout the city of Venice. 144 churches can be seen in the city's skyline, with a few recognizable landmarks, such as the bell tower at [[Saint Mark's Basilica]], standing out. Churches have become a tourist attraction in the city, with the majority of the tourists arriving in the city visiting Saint Mark's Square. While some of the other churches have been closed or sold and converted to other uses, many still hold religious services weekly. Several of these share their daily mass schedule with the other churches in the parish, with each church having daily mass about twice a week.

<ref name="World Monuments Fund Affiliates"></ref>

==History==
One of the reasons Venice has so many churches is that each community in the city built its own place of worship, usually as a way of bring the community together. Churches were often used by wealthy merchants of Venice to showcase their wealth. Additionally, the prominent use of stone, such as marble and granite, had a two-fold benefit. The stone is durable enough to survive the seasonal flooding that is characteristic of Venice and it also keeps the buildings cool during the hot summer months. Additionally, smaller pieces of stone were used to create mosaics on all surfaces of the churches, known locally as ''terrazzo''. The skills used to create these magnificent designs have been passed down through the generations to artisans today, who carry on the ancient traditions of their ancestors.

Additionlly, the churches contain tombs or plaques in their floors. These [[Church Floor Artifacts]] contain valuable information that can provide a glimpse into the Venetian past.



==Map==

Google map highlighting the churches.
==See Also==
[[Church Floor Artifacts]] [[Islands]]
===List of Churches===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Cannaregio
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Alvise || [[Church of San Alvise]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa Anglicana || [[I Anglicana]] || Lutheran
|-
| Chiesa di S. Apostoli || [[Church of I Santi Apostoli]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta dei Gesuiti || [[Church of I Gesuiti]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di San Bonaventura || [[Church of San Bonaventura]] || Under Construction
|-
| Chiesa di S. Canciano || [[Church of San Canciano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria Madre del Redentore || [[Church of Le Cappuccine]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Suore Dorotee || [[Church of Suore Dorotee]] || Catholic Nun Institute
|-
| Chiesa di S. Felice || [[Church of San Felice]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fosca|| [[Church of San Fosca]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Geremia e Lucia || [[Church of San Geremia]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Giobbe e Barnardino || [[Church of San Giobbe]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Girolomo || [[Church of San Girolomo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa S. Giovanni Griostomo || [[Church of San Giovanni Griostomo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Leonardo || [[Church of San Leonardo]] || Event Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maddalena || [[Church of La Maddalena]] || Catholic, Biennale Exhibit
|-
| Chiesa di Santi Ermagora e Fortunato || [[Church of San Marcuola]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Marcilliano|| [[Church of San Marziale]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dei Miracoli || [[Church of I Maracoli]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Cristoforo || [[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria delle Penitenti || [[Church of Le Penitenti]] || Catholic, Under Construction
|-
| Chiesa di S. Caterina || [[Church of San Caterina]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria di Nazareth || [[Church of Gli Scalzi]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dei Servi || [[Church of I Servi]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sofia || [[Church of San Sofia]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria di Val Verde || [[Church of La Misericordia]] || Closed to the Public
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Castello
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Anna || [[Church of San Anna]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Antonino || [[Church of San Antonino]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Biagio || [[Church of San Biagio]] || Hotel
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Batista in Bragora || [[Church of La Bragora]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa della Ca' di Dio || [[Church of Ca' di Dio]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Elena || [[Church of San Elena]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Consolazione || [[Church of La Fava]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Formosa || [[Church of San Maria Formosa]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gioacchino || [[Church of San Giocchino]] || Student Housing
|-
| Chiesa dei Ss. Giovanni e Paolo || [[Church of San Zanipolo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giustina || [[Church of San Giustina]] || Catholic, Giambattista Benedetti High School
|-
| Chiesa S. Giorgio dei Greci || [[Church of I Greci]] || Greek Orthodox
|-
| Chiesa di S. Isepo || [[Church of San Giuseppe]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Lazzaro dei Mendicanti || [[Church of I Medicanti]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Lorenzo || [[Church of San Lorenzo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni dei Cavalieri di Malta || [[Church of San Giovanni di Malta]] || Catholic, Under Reconstruction
|-
| Chiesa delle Suore Mantellate || [[Church of Suore Mantellate]] || Catholic, Convent
|-
| Chiesa di S. Martino di Castello || [[Church of San Martino]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolo dei Mendicoli || [[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]] || Catholic, Hospital
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria Assunta dei Derelitti || [[Church of L'Ospedallette]] || Catholic, Hospital
|-
| Chiesa di S. Francesco di Paula || [[Church of San Francesco di Paula]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria del Pianto || [[Church of San Maria del Pianto]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Apostolo || [[Church of San Pietro]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa La Pietà S. Maria della Visitazione || [[Church of La Pietà]] || Museum of Art
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giorgio degli Schiavoni || [[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]] || School
|-
| Chiesa di S. Leone IX pp. || [[Church of San Lio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa S. Francesco de la Vigna || [[Church of La Vigna]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Zaccaria || [[Church of San Zaccaria]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Novo || [[Church of San Zaninovo]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Dorsoduro
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Agnese || [[Church of San Agnese]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Barnaba || [[Church of San Barnaba]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria de la Carità || [[Church of La Carità]] || Catholic, Academy Gallery
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta del Carmelo || [[Church of I Carmini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gallo || [[Church of San Gallo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria del Rosario || [[Church of I Gesuati]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gregorio || [[Church of San Gregorio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Margherita || [[Church of San Margherita]] || Catholic, Venice University Building
|-
| Chiesa dei S. Giovanni Battista ai Catecumeni || [[Church of I Catecumeni]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Ognisanti || [[Church of Ognisanti]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Pantaleone || [[Church of San Pantalon]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa de S. Angelo Raffaele || [[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa delle Eremitane || [[Church of Le Romite]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Maria della Salute || [[Church of La Salute]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sebastiano || [[Church of San Sebastiano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Marta || [[Church of Santa Marta]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa dello Spirito Santo || [[Church of Spirito Santo]] || Catholic, Private Residence
|-
| Chiesa di S. Teresa || [[Church of Le Teresa]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gervasio e Protasio || [[Church of San Trovaso]] || Catholic
|-
| Santi Vito e Modesto || [[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Visitazione || [[Church of San Maria della Visitazione]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Vito e Modesto || [[Church of San Vito e Modesto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Georgio || [[Church of St. San Georgio]] check || Anglican
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolo dei Mendicoli || [[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Santa Croce
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Andrea Apostolo || [[Church of La Zirada]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maggiore || [[Church of San Maria Maggiore]] || Catholic, Prison
|-
| Chiesa di Maria Mater Domini || [[Church of Maria Mater Domini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nome di Gesu || [[Church of Nome di Gesu]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giacomo dell'Orio || [[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Simeone Profeta || [[Church of San Simeon Grando]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Simeone e Giuda || [[Church of San Simeon Piccolo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Eustachio || [[Church of San Stae]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicola da Tolentino || [[Church of I Tolentini]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Decollato || [[Church of San Zandegola]] || Russian Orthodox
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | San Marco
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Oratorio dell'Annunciata || [[Church of Oratorio dell'Annunciata]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Bartolomeo || [[Church of San Bartolomeo]] || Catholic
|-
| Basilica di S. Marco || [[Church of San Marco]] check useage || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Basso || [[Church of San Basso]] || Catholic, Music Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Benedetto || [[Church of San Benedetto]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa della S. Croce degli Armeni || [[Church of Santa Croce]] || Armenian Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fantino || [[Church of San Fantin]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di San Georgio || [[Church of San Georgio]] double? || check
|-
| Chiesa S. Maria del Giglio || [[Church of San Maria Zobenigo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Luca || [[Church of San Luco]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maurizio || [[Church of San Maurizio]] || Museum of Music
|-
| Chiesa di S. Moisè Profeta || [[Church of San Moisè]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Ss. Salvatore || [[Church of San Salvador]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Samuele Profeta || [[Church of San Samuele]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Stefano Profeta || [[Church of San Stefano]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Teodoro || [[Church of San Teodoro]] || Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Vitale || [[Church of San Vidal]] || Catholic, Concert Hall
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giuliano || [[Church of San Zulian]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Apostoli || [[Church of I Santi Apostoli]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | San Polo
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Aponallinare || [[Church of San Aponal]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Cassiano || [[Church of San Cassian]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Elemosinario || [[Church of San Giovanni Elemonsinario]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giovanni Evangelista || [[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari || [[Church of I Frari]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Giacomo Apostolo || [[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Paolo Apostolo || [[Church of San Polo]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Rocco || [[Church of San Rocco]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Silvestro || [[Church of San Silvestro]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa di S. Tomà || [[Church of San Tommaso]] || Campo San Toma
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="3" | Giudecca
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Maddalena Convertite || [[Church of San Convertite]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di Cosma e Damiamo || [[Church of San Cosmo]] || Catholic, Public Housing
|-
| Chiesa della Croce || [[Church of La Croce]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Eufemia || [[Church of San Eufemia]] || Presbyterian
|-
| Chiesa di S. Gerardo || [[Church of San Gerardo]] || Catholic
|-
| Ciesa di S. Giorgio Maggiore in Isola || [[Church of San Giorgio]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa del SS. Redentore || [[Church of I Redentore]] || Catholic
|-
| Chiesa della SS. Trinità || [[Church of San Trinità]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria della Presentazione || [[Church of Le Zitelle]] || Catholic
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="4" | Islands
|-
! Church Name !! Common Name !! Denomination !! Island
|-
| Oratorio di San Barnaba di Burano || [[Church of San Barnaba]] || Unknown || Burano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Martino di Burano || [[Church of San Martino]] || Catholic || Burano
|-
| Sant'Erasmo || [[Church of Sant'Erasmo]] || Catholic || Erasmo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria dell'Assunzione || [[Church of San Maria dell'Assunzione]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Elisabetta || [[Church of San Maria Elisabetta]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Nicolò del Lido || [[Church of San Nicolò]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Antonio || [[Church of San Antonio]] || Catholic || Lido
|-
| Chiesa di S. Angelo || [[Church of San Angelo]] || Closed to the Public || Mazzorbo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Caterina di Mazzorbo || [[Church of San Caterina]] || Catholic || Mazzorbo
|-
| Chiesa di S. Donato || [[Church of San Donato]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Martire || [[Church of San Martire]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria degli Angeli || [[Church of San Maria degli Angeli]] || Catholic || Murano
|-
| Sant'Antonio || [[Church of Sant'Antonio]] || Catholic, Sanctuary|| Pellestrina
|-
| Ognissanti di Pellestrina || [[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]] || Catholic || Pellestrina
|-
| San Michele || [[Church of San Michele]] || Catholic || S. Michele
|-
| Chiesa di S. Pietro Apostolo || [[San Pietro]] || Catholic || San Pietro in Volta
|-
| Chiesa di S. Maria Assunta di Torcello || [[Church of San Maria Assunta]] || Catholic || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di S. Sofia di Torcello || [[Church of San Sofia]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di S. Fosca || [[Church of San Fosca]] || Catholic || Torcello
|-
| Chiesa di Sant'Erosia || [[Church of Sant'Erosia]] || Catholic, Closed to the Public || Vignole
|-
|}
==References==
<references/>

Concina, Ennio. A History of Venetian Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Howard, Deborah. The Architectural History of Venice. London: Yale University Press, 2002.

Sammartini, Tudy. Decorative Floors of Venice. London: Merrell, 2000.
==External Links==
http://churchesofvenice.co.uk

File:San Marco Churches.jpg

2012-12-14T13:17:46Z

Pbobell:

File:GESU 26.JPG

2012-12-14T13:08:40Z

Pbobell:

File:GIGL B4.JPG

2012-12-14T13:07:55Z

Pbobell:

Church Floor Artifacts

2012-12-14T13:06:50Z

Pbobell: /* See Also */ Got rid of (model)

An artifact is anything that was inlaided into the floor after construction. Typically, they contain inscriptions or are a different shape or material than the surrounding floor. Venetian church floor artifacts can be broken down into two categories, tombs and plaques. One of the reasons visitors choose to enter the churches of Venice is to view the artwork they contain. The artwork is not limited to sculptures and paintings displayed at eye level on the walls of building or on podiums in public squares. Many of Venice’s relics are found below eye level, in the floors of churches. Venetians used the materials available to decorate all aspects of their lives, including the ground they walked on. Some of these floor artifacts go unnoticed by visitors because they are overwhelmed by the other sights around them and forget to look at what is below their feet. Overlooking the floors of churches has not only allowed these pieces to slip out of the minds of visitors, but has also led to neglect in their care and protection.

==Tombs==
A tomb, or ''tomba'', is the most common form of floor artifact. These tomb artifacts are do not always mark and actual grave, but might be a representation of a parishoner's dedication to their church. Since this is the case, a tomb marker may be either a large rectangle, giving the illusion that it does mark and eternal resting place, or a small square in remembrance of the deceased. Below is an example of both cases.

<gallery widths=250px heights = 250>
File:DONA K5.JPG| A rectangular tomb
File:GIGL B4.JPG| A smaller tomb marker
</gallery>

==Plaques==
[[File:GESU 26.JPG|thumb|right|An Example Plaque from SS. Nome di Gesu]]
A plaque, or ''placca'', is the second type of artifact. A plaque has an inscription, but is not an tomb. They often represent years of construction/restoration or prominent contributors. Plaques are less common than tombs, and are often smaller slabs. Below is an example of a plaque.

==Condition Evaluation==
In order to create a ranked list of artifact damage, we created an equation that takes into account five different types of damage assessed by past projects. The types of damage are fading and wear, text readability, cracks, holes and joint gaps. After using the following equation to standarize the rankings assigned to each artifact, the conditions were divided into five categories of damage.

(0.25)(Fading and wear)+(0.25)(Readability) +(0.20)(Cracks)+(0.05)(Holes)+(0.20)(Joint gaps)

The five categories of damage are as follows:

Excessive Damage- The artifact has already been restored to its fullest potential or the artifact is too far degraded that no more information would be saved if the artifact were to undergo restoration

High Damage- The artifact is in need of preservation in order to maintain the image or text visable on the artifact. The text is still readable, but is in danger of being worn away.

Intermediate Damage- The artifact has sustained some damage in any of the above types of damage, but is still mostly readable. Preservation could occur, but the artifact is not yet in critical condition.

Low Damage- The artifact has very little damage on its surface. The text is nearly flawless and only minimal efforts would need to be made inorder to maintain the condition of the artifact

Minimal Damage- The artifact has hardly any damage, all the text and art work is readable. At this time, there is no need for preservation.

==See Also==
[[Churches]]

==External Links==
==References==

Church Floor Artifacts

2012-12-14T13:06:16Z

Pbobell: Created page with " An artifact is anything that was inlaided into the floor after construction. Typically, they contain inscriptions or are a different shape or material than the surrounding f..."

File:DONA K5.JPG

2012-12-14T13:04:50Z

Pbobell:

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2012-12-14T12:57:15Z

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Moto Ondoso

2012-12-07T18:32:19Z

Pbobell: Created page with "The ''moto ondoso'', or wave movement, is a major environmental problem both in Venice and in the lagoon. After [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_2 World War II], a huge..."

The ''moto ondoso'', or wave movement, is a major environmental problem both in Venice and in the lagoon. After [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_2 World War II], a huge technological boom replaced the traditional rowboats by motorboats as a faster and more efficient means of transportation for people, goods, and garbage in the Venetian canals. Venetian canals and buildings are significantly affected by the continuous massive wake force produced by the boats, experiencing destabilization as the canal walls deteriorate over time. As boats moves through the canals, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence turbulence]is created, which is an unstable eddying motion in the water caused by the spinning propellers. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake wake] and the turbulence mingle to erode the canal walls. Thus, ''moto ondoso'' is the primary example of negative impacts of boat traffic in Venice. While most cities in the modern world have primary concerns of traffic impacts resulting from pollution, ''moto ondoso'' imposes a demanding and immediate threat that has the potential to compromise areas of the city's structural integrity if left ignored and untreated.[[File:jpg_4727237.jpg|200px|thumb|middle|Moto Ondoso in Venice]]

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==Moto Ondoso in Venice==

====Hydrodynamics of Moto Ondoso====
As mentioned above, the boat propellers that cause turbulence in the water are the basic cause for boat wakes. Many factors determine the size of the wake such as the speed of the boat, the size of the boat’s propeller, the power of the boat engine, the size of the canal being traversed, and the boat’s load. It’s difficult to link a specific wake size to a specific speed, but a relative scale divided into 3 categories can be useful. [[File:Untitled6.png‎|500px|thumb|right|Wake Amplitude Chart caused by a Motoscafo Taxi (generally, the higher the wave amplitude of the boat wake, the higher the velocity of the wake and thus more energy present)]]
*Displacement speed: This is the minimal boat speed; minimal wake is created at this stage.
*Transition speed: This occurs when the boat is accelerating, highest amount of wakes are created at this stage.
*Planning speed: This occurs after the transition speed, the wakes created at this speed are fewer than the wakes at the transition speed but more than the wakes in the displacement speed.

===Aggravating Moto Ondoso===
Certain factors can cause greater amounts of boat wakes and force against the canal walls

====Moto ondoso and Boat Speed====

A study undertaken by WPI students shows that the small cargo boats travel the fastest in the lagoon that surrounds Venice with an average speed of 13.5 Km/h, causing the highest boat wakes, followed closely by service and personal boats with speeds of 12.1 Km/h and 12.7 Km/h respectively. The boat type with the slowest average speed is the Vaporetto which travels at an average of 8.9 Km/h. The image below and to the right shows what percentages of boats are traveling at different speeds. Disregard for the speed limits by the cargo and taxi boats in the canals causes the largest wakes and play the biggest part in damaging the canal walls.
[[File:42.png|200px|thumb|right|Percentage of Boats Traveling at Different Speeds (Speed Limit Shown by Vertical Red Line]]

====Effects on Canal Wall Damage====

The deterioration of the canal walls occurs when their physical and mechanical conditions are altered. The turbulence in the water caused by boat wake is a major factor in the destruction of the canal walls because it persistently erodes the wall material or the mortar that acts as a seal between the bricks and stones. When the mortar erodes, the bricks and stone become disjointed and are thus much more susceptible to the destructive stresses and forces of boat wakes.
Imperfections in the wall surface, such as missing or chipped bricks, make the canal walls more vulnerable to erosion. When turbulence in the water comes into contact with a flat wall, it can only affect the surface area. Holes and uneven brick increase the surface area of the wall, allowing water to do more erosive work. Water will flow into the hole and instead of being reflected off, it will swirl around inside the hole. Occasionally, a wall will appear to be almost flawless, but due to a hole or missing brick water has been entering and eroding the wall behind the surface.

==Restoration Methods==

The Venetian company [[Insula]] is the company currently contracted to restore these damaged canal walls. The following are the methods of restoration currently in use:
*Wooden piles are driven into the bottom along the outer edge of the foundation to support a kerb, or continuous metal sheet piling (approx. 2.5 m deep). They are embedded along the outer edge of the foundation to prevent undermining and water stench, reforming the "scarp" (shoe) at the foot of the foundation.
*Mortar joints are restored by making injections made to reinforce the surface. Walls are resealed by a technique known as "binder sealing", in order to reconstruct the missing part of the outer face, thus restoring the body of the wall to its former compactness and physical continuity.
*Corrective action, construction, or partial rebuilding, is performed in order to compensate for any swelling that alters alignment or shifts the original geometry.
[[File:18.png|200px|thumb|left|A Canal Undergoing Wall Repairs]]

==Moto Ondoso Demo==
For a visual representation of moto ondoso, see these videos:

{{widget:Youtube id|YJioNjkgHGs&NR=1}}

{{widget:Youtube id|dS8fpYWutZ4}}

==References==

*http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/IGSD/Projects/Venice/Center/Projects/IQP_public/E02/MotoOndoso/E02_Report-MotoOndoso.pdf

*http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-060107-135856/unrestricted/final_report.pdf

*http://ve-postmortem09.blogspot.com/2009/09/moto-ondoso-issue-2.html

*Commune di Venezia: Assessorato ai Trasporti e servizi Pubblici Commissione per lo studio del moto ondoso, May 1994.

*Carrera, Fabio and Caniato, Giovanni; “Venezia la Citta Dei Rii”

*Pax in Aqua: http://www.provincia.venezia.it/paxinaqua/home.html June 2002

*Insula: http://www.insula.it

==Further Reading==
==External Links==

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Moto Ondoso Venice

Rialto

2012-12-07T13:56:25Z

Pbobell: Created page with "The Ponte di Rialto (Rialto Bridge) is one of the most famous bridges in all of Venice. It stands as the oldest bridge connecting the two banks of the Grand Canal. [[Imag..."

The Ponte di Rialto (Rialto Bridge) is one of the most famous bridges in all of Venice. It stands as the oldest bridge connecting the two banks of the [[Grand Canal]].
[[Image:Catanese_Rialto2.jpg|thumb|right|400px| The Rialto lit at night]]
== Before it was Built ==
For centuries, Venice has been a central hub for shipping trade throughout the World. Shipping via cargo ships was made easy in a city built on many islands separated by canals. Before the thirteenth century the only way to cross the canals of Venice was to cross on wooden boards laid down in the canal connecting the two banks. At this point there was no way to cross the Grand Canal of Venice until the Venetians began building wooden bridges. Until the sixteenth century the only way to cross the Grand Canal on foot was across wooden bridges which would quickly wear down and become unstable.
== Construction ==
[[Image:Catanese_Rialto_1.jpg|thumb|left|500px| The Rialto Bridge]]
In the 1500’s [[La Serenissima]] called upon architect [[Antonio Da Ponte]] to build a bridge connecting the two banks. Two famous architects [[Andrea Palladio]] and [[Vincenzo Scamozzi]] made a bid for the contract of the bridge before it was given to Antonio Da Ponte. Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi each wanted to build a bridge with three large arches with a [[kettledrum]] in the center supported by columns, but Antonio Da Ponte decided to create a structure similar to the previous wooden bridges crossing the Grand Canal. The structure of the old wooden bridges was formed by two ramps leading over the canal meeting at a [[portico]].

[[Image:Rialto-shops-venice.jpg|thumb|right|400px| Shops of the Rialto Bridge]]

Construction of the Rialto Bridge began in 1588 and proved to be a difficult task due to the depth of the sea bottom and other various conditions of instability. In 1591, three years after construction began, the bridge was finally finished.

For over two hundred and fifty years the Rialto Bridge remained the only way to cross the Grand Canal on foot, until the [[Ponte dell'Accademia]] was constructed in 1854.

== Today ==
The twenty two meter wide Rialto Bridge offers two walkways on the outskirts of the bridge and a larger central walkway which leads between two rows of shops who thrive upon tourist trade. The Ponte di Rialto is now one of the most famous tourist attractions, and one of the largest staples of Venetian history.

== Resources ==
*[http://www.italyguides.it/us/venice_italy/rialto_bridge_venice.htm Italy Guides]
*[http://www.invenicetoday.com/art-tour/bridges/rialto.htm In Venice Today]
*[http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/rialto_bridge.htm Europe for Visitors]

File:Venetian Bridge.jpg

2012-12-07T13:54:23Z

Pbobell:

Main Page

2012-11-27T09:24:23Z

Pbobell: Re-wording the reconstruction notification.

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