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Borders of the Venetian Republic in 1791

2016-12-14T10:14:00Z

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[[File:1791_Conterminazione_Lagunare.png|250px|thumb|right|The location of the 1791 Borders of the Venetian Republic.]]
Over 100 white stone [[Boundary Markers|markers]] were erected around the lagoon in the 30 years before 1791 to denote the boundaries of the Water Authority’s domain of control. These borders are considered the ''Conterminazione Lagunare'', or Lagoon Border of Venice.

==History==

In the early 16th century, the Republic created the ''Collegio delle acque'' (Water Authority) to protect and maintain “the infrastructure” of the area (Armani, 1991). The body was responsible for land reclamation, creation and maintenance of water canals, excavation and preservation, as well as protection and regimentation of the lagoon and its rivers. To ensure that there was a clear boundary of the Water Authority’s jurisdiction, in 1784 the Venetian Republic ordered an unambiguous border to be devised and marked via physical markers placed across the lagoon. In 1791, 100 ''cippi'', or markers, were erected at carefully selected spots around the lagoon.

==Alterations to the Boundary==
Marker boundaries were also altered around several of the small peninsulas that jutted out into the lagoon. In the original ''Conterminazione Lagunare'', the small peninsulas of Fogolana, Conche, and Lugo were denoted into the territory of the [[Estuario|''Estuario'']]. However, in 1924, due to the use of small peninsulas for farmers on the [[Terraferma|''Terraferma''}, an additional 30 markers were placed to rezone these three peninsulas back to the ''Terraferma''.
Several additional but not substantial alterations to the borders were made in 1990. There have been no further alterations of this border despite [[Geomorphological Changes to the Lagoon|geomorphological changes]] and development of other ''Terraferma'' industrial areas <ref>Armani, E., Caniato, G., & Gianola, R. (1991). I Cento Cippi di Conterminazione Lagunare. Venezia, Italia: Istituto Veneto di Scienze.</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

Terraferma

2016-12-05T15:15:35Z

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[[File:Estuario.png|300px|thumb|right|''Terraferma'', on the left, is shaded in green.]]
'''''Terraferma''''', or the mainland of Venice, is an unofficial region within the city of Venice which is comprised of Venice's territory on the mainland of Italy. It consists of the [[Municipalità|''municipalità'']] of Favaro-Veneto, Chirignago-Zelarino, Mestre-Carpenedo, and Marghera. ''Terraferma'' can be described as a young and modern blue collar industrial area which is growing in size economic prowess.

==Demographics==
''Terraferma'' is home to about 179,000 residents, or 68% of the population of Venice. The percentage of Venetians living in ''Terraferma'' has grown steadily throughout the last 100 years. Because of ''Terraferma’s'' larger population, they have much more voting power in government as well as a higher percentage of city councilmen. ''Terraferma'' has a relatively high percentage of citizens who are of a working class age. About 58% of ''Terraferma'' is between 20 and 64 years old<ref>Statistics of Research Service. (2016, June) Servizio statistica e ricerca. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from http://www.comune.venezia.it/archivio/26622</ref>.

==Economics==
''Terraferma'' has an economy that is rooted in manufacturing, shipping, and shipbuilding. About 11% of ''Terraferma'' residents are employed in the manufacturing industry, 15% in shipping, and 15% in shipbuilding. Many are drawn to ''Terraferma'' due to its high prevalence of jobs and relatively low dependency on tourism <ref>Comitato Mestre-Venezia due grandi citta. (2016, May 14). Effetti del ripristino dei due Comuni di Venezia e Mestre. Retrieved from http://www.mestreveneziaduegrandicitta.info/attachments/article/582/Venezia%20Mestre_def%20pdf%2014maggio2016.pdf </ref>.

[[Image:Terraferma.png |300px|right|thumb|The economic breakdown of ''Terraferma''.]]

''Terraferma'' is also home to important economic hubs for the city of Venice. Marco Polo Airport, on the northern coast of ''Terraferma'',employs about 2,500 people and profits over 30 million Euros <ref>Marco Polo Airport. (2016). Facts and Figures. Retrieved October 7, 2016, from www.veniceairport.it/en/flights/facts-and-figures.html</ref>. The region is also home to Venezia Mestre Train Station, which handles 85,000 travelers every day <ref>Venice Mestre Train Station. (2016). Retrieved October 07, 2016, from https://www.raileurope.com/europe-travel-guide/italy/venice/train-station/venice-mestre-train-station.html</ref>. In the municipalità of Marghera is the Port of Marghera, which is ''Terraferma''’s main location for shipping and shipbuilding. It employs over 14,000 people.
Despite its relatively low dependence on tourism compared to the rest of Venice, ''Terraferma'' has begun to build hotels to house tourists. Because the [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] (islands) region has very high tourist accommodation prices, many have opted to take day trips to the [[Centro Storico|''Centro Storico'']] (historic center of Venice) and spend the night in ''Terraferma''. This is beneficial to tourists because ''Terraferma'' hotel prices range between 28 and 40 percent of the cost of hotel prices in ''Estuario'' <ref>Booking.com. (2016, October 7). Booking.com: Hotels in Venice [Contains prices for hotels in Venice throughout the year.].</ref>.

==See also==
*[[Estuario]]
*[[Centro Storico]]

==References==
<references/>

Estuario

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[[Image:Estuario.png|thumb|right|300px|''Estuario'' is shaded in blue.]]
'''''Estuario''''' (Estuary, or Lagoon Area in English) is an unofficial region within the city of Venice which consists of Venice's territory in the Adriatic Sea. It consists of the ''municipalità'' of Venezia-Murano-Burano and Lido-Pellestrina. ''Estuario'' can be described as a tourism-based region of dwindling population.

==Demographics==
''Estuario'' is hope to about 84,200 residents, or approximately 32% of the population of Venice. The percentage of Venetians living in ''Estuario'' has decreased steadily since 1921. The region peaked in population in the 1850s and has dropped ever since. This is partially due to the growing job market on the mainland or [[Terraferma|''Terraferma'']]. ''Estuario's'' population is much older than ''Terraferma's'' because of its low and one-dimensional job opportunities. Only 51% of ''Estuario'''s population is within the working ages of 20-64<ref>Statistics of Research Service. (2016, June). Servizio statistica e ricerca. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from http://www.comune.venezia.it/archivio/26622</ref>.

==Economics==
''Estuario'' has an economy that is heavily based in tourism. Almost 30% of their economy is directly based on tourism.
[[File:Estuario_Economy.PNG|thumb|right|300px|A graph displaying the economic breakdown of ''Estuario''.]]
This is three times the amount of economy based on tourism compared to ''Terraferma''. ''Estuario'', however, does not rely nearly as much on industry or shipping, as it lacks the space to industrialize.
''Estuario'' is home to some important economic hubs. The Port of Venice on the west side of the island is an important location when it comes to income. In the past 35 years, cruise ship related income has increased 41%<ref>Zorzi, P. (2012). Impact of Global Change on the Socio-Economic Development of Venice. Retrieved September 22, 2016</ref>. It is estimated that $250,000,000 in Venice's annual income comes from cruise ship passengers who stay in Venice for just one day.
An important transportation hub in ''Estuario'' is Venezia Santa Lucia Train Station, located on the west end of the island. This train station is the last stop on many journeys by train and also acts as a hub for ''vaporetti''. It handles over 80,000 people every day<ref>Venice Santa Lucia Train Station. (2016). Retrieved October 07, 2016, from https://www.raileurope.com/europe-travel-guide/italy/venice/train-station/santa-lucia-train-station.html</ref>.

==See Also==
*[[Terraferma|''Terraferma'']]

==References==
<references/>

Estuario

1994 Separation Referendum

2016-12-05T14:19:25Z

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The separation referendum for a split between [[Terraferma|''Terraferma'']] and [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] in 1994 occurred just 5 years after the [[1989 Separation Referendum|previous referendum in 1989]] and resulted in 44% “yes” votes, a slight increase compared to past votes.

==Political Developments Leading up to 1994==
The fact that this referendum occurred just 5 years after the previous 1989 referendum demonstrates a heightened momentum for a separation. A major shift in support for the separation came from the conservative political parties. This change showed that [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] needed more representation in the government to meet their needs. Progressive parties however argued that that issues, such as tourism and lagoon pollution, were best solved as one city <ref>Morris, R. C. (1994, February 2). Tale of 2 Cities, Venice and Mestre, Nears its Final Chapter. Retrieved September 12, 2016, from http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/02/news/02iht-venice.html</ref>.

==Results and Outcomes==
[[File: 1994.PNG|thumb|right|200px|The orange slice in the chart shows the percentage of Venetians who were not in favor of a separation of Venice.]]
The referendum saw 44% of people in favor of the split and 56% against it. From 1989, there was a 2% percent increase in people favoring the split <ref>Montabaldo, W. D. (1994, February 4). ELECTIONS : Venice and Neighboring City May End a 68-Year 'Marriage' LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2016, from http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-04/news/mn-19154_1_venetians</ref>. The referendum did not lead to an official vote.

==See Also==
*[[1989 Separation Referendum]]
*[[Separation Referendums]]

==References==
<references/>

1994 Separation Referendum

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1994 Separation Referendum

2016-12-05T14:17:08Z

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1989 Separation Referendum

2016-12-05T14:08:16Z

Ve16-bounds: Created page with "The 1989 Referendum polled the public’s opinion about potential separation and saw 15% more support than the Referendum in 1979. ==Political ..."

The 1989 Referendum polled the public’s opinion about potential separation and saw 15% more support than the [[1979 Separation Referendum|Referendum in 1979]].

==Political Developments Leading up to 1989==
An increased momentum for separation in the decade since in 1979 was a result of [[Terraferma|''Terraferma''’s (the mainland of Venice) feeling of being controlled by the government of Venice <ref>Muscarà, C. (1990). Three models for the future of Venice: A case study of territorial polarization in a growing area of an urban periphery. Ekistics, 57(340/341), 22-34.
</ref>. An economic factor, mainly the industrialization of ''Terraferma'', drove in increase in support for another referendum.

==Results and Outcomes==
[[File:1989.PNG|thumb|right|200px|The orange slice shows the percentage of Venetians who were not in favor of a separation of Venice.]]
The 15% increase did not change the outcome of the separation referendum. However, both the ''Terraferma'' and [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] breakdowns of vote increase were 15%, and therefore a proportional shared interest.Overall, there were 42% of people voting “yes” for a separation and 58% of people voting “no.”
In addition, this referendum started a greater push for governmental authority in Venice in the form of increased movements and more frequent referendums. A study done in 1990, influenced by the outcome of the 1989 referendum, researched and proposed three different models concerning the restructure of the Venice-Mestre Municipality. It also helped movements gain footing which culminated in another [[1994 Separation Referendum|referendum in 1994]].

==See Also==
*[[Separation Referendums]]
*[[1979 Separation Referendum]]
*[[1994 Separation Referendum]]

==References==
<references/>

1979 Separation Referendum

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In 1979, the first referendum was called in the city of Venice in order to gauge public support on a potential split between [[Terraferma|''Terraferma'']] and [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] into two separate cities.

==Political Movements leading up to 1979 Referendum==
Though many Venetians called for a split of Venice because of economic differences, major political parties were generally against the division of Venice into two cities. Government officials held the belief that a broader government holds wider ranging decision making powers, so they would be better at making laws that would compromise the differences between ''Terraferma'' and ''Estuario''<ref>Montabaldo, W. D. (1994, February 4). ELECTIONS : Venice and Neighboring City May End a 68-Year 'Marriage' LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2016, from http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-04/news/mn-19154_1_venetians</ref>.

==Results and Outcomes==
[[Image:1979.PNG|thumb|right|200px|The orange part pf the pie chart shows the percentages of Venetians against a separation.]]
The 1979 referendum results showed that a large majority of Venetians did not want to separate. Approximately 27.6% of Venetians supported a separation compared to 72.4% of those who wanted Venice to stay together<ref>OECD (2010), Territorial Reviews Report on Metropolitan Venice, Marsilio, 2010, Venezia.</ref>. However, the movements to separate were still present after this referendum, as another referendum was called for in [[1989 Separation Referendum|1989]].

==See Also==
*[[1989 Separation Referendum]]
*[[Separation Referendums]]

==References==
<references/>

1979 Separation Referendum

2016-12-05T14:00:29Z

Ve16-bounds: /* Results and Outcomes */

1979 Separation Referendum

2016-12-05T14:00:02Z

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In 1979, the first referendum was called in the city of Venice in order to gauge public support on a potential split between [[Terraferma|''Terraferma'']] and [[Estuario|''Estuario'']] into two separate cities.

==Political Movements leading up to 1979 Referendum==
Though many Venetians called for a split of Venice because of economic differences, major political parties were generally against the division of Venice into two cities. Government officials held the belief that a broader government holds wider ranging decision making powers, so they would be better at making laws that would compromise the differences between ''Terraferma'' and ''Estuario''<ref>Montabaldo, W. D. (1994, February 4). ELECTIONS : Venice and Neighboring City May End a 68-Year 'Marriage' LA Times. Retrieved October 7, 2016, from http://articles.latimes.com/1994-02-04/news/mn-19154_1_venetians</ref>.

==Results and Outcomes==
[[Image:1979.PNG|thumb|right|250px|The orange part pf the pie chart shows the percentages of Venetians against a separation.]]
The 1979 referendum results showed that a large majority of Venetians did not want to separate. Approximately 27.6% of Venetians supported a separation compared to 72.4% of those who wanted Venice to stay together<ref>OECD (2010), Territorial Reviews Report on Metropolitan Venice, Marsilio, 2010, Venezia.</ref>. However, the movements to separate were still present after this referendum, as another referendum was called for in [[1989 Separation Referendum|1989]].

==See Also==
*[[1989 Separation Referendum]]
*[[Separation Referendums]]

==References==
<references/>

File:1994.PNG

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File:1989.PNG

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''This article contains information about a typical boundary marker. For a list of border markers, see [[Boundary Markers]].''

A '''boundary marker''' (''cippi'' in Italian) is a marker made typically of stone or brick. The markers were placed in 1791 to denote the boundaries of the Venetian lagoon at the time (see [[Boundary Markers]]). An individual marker acted as one point on the whole boundary to help delineate one side of the boundary from the other. Because of their age, a marker’s physical condition has a very wide range.

==Marker Dimension/Materials==
There are two main kinds of markers that had been placed to outline the border of the Venetian Republic's claim to the lagoon: Stone Markers and Brick Markers.

===Stone Markers===
[[File:StoneMarker.png|200ppx|thumb|right|A stone marker.]]
Stone markers are the more common of the two types of markers. They are about 130 cm in height, 50 cm wide, and 50 cm deep. Stone markers are made of a white stone called Istria Stone. A stone marker is comprised of a main face, a secondary face, and a shorter spire. The main face is on the bottom of the marker and is the tallest, yet narrowest, of the faces. The secondary face, above the main face, is wider than the main face but significantly shorter. Out of the secondary face grows the spire, which is a square pyramid using the secondary faces as its base. The spire on a stone marker is very short, measuring around 15 cm.

===Brick Markers===
[[File:BrickMarker.png|200px|thumb|right|A brick marker.]]
Brick markers are less common than marble markers. They are about 100 cm in height, 100 cm in width and 100 cm deep. Brick markers are comprised mainly of brick, with one face partly consisting of marble. A brick marker is made up by main faces and spires. The main faces start from the ground or a pedestal and stretch up to the beginning of the spire. On the front face of the marker, there is part of the face that is covered in marble, where the inscription will be located. The spire is located above the main faces. Its base extends outside of the main faces by 5 cm. The spire is typically about 80 cm tall.

===Marker Plaques===
[File:PlaqueMarker.png|200px|thumb|right|A plaque marker.]]
A small amount of markers have been replaced with plaques after the industrialization of the marker's location. Made of Istria stone, the plaques are typically 70 cm in height and 70 cm in width.

Each marker has an inscription on it which denotes its number in the sequence of markers. This inscription typically says "''MARGINE DI CONTERMINAZIONE'' | 1791" and then the number of the marker.

==Marker Condition==
Because they were placed over 225 years ago, an individual marker may have a wide range of erosion, biological growth, and overgrowth. A marker may also have surface cracking and/or structural cracking. Though treated as public art, many markers are either inaccessible due to their location (inside confines of airport or private property, hard to find or access due to terrain) or have been demolished or destroyed.

==See also==
*[[Boundary Markers]]
*[[Borders of the Venetian Republic in 1791]]

File:PlaqueMarker.png

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Boundary Marker

2016-12-02T16:50:23Z

Ve16-bounds: /* Marker Plaques */

''This article contains information about a typical boundary marker. For a list of border markers, see [[Boundary Markers]].''

A '''boundary marker''' (''cippi'' in Italian) is a marker made typically of stone or brick. The markers were placed in 1791 to denote the boundaries of the Venetian lagoon at the time (see [[Boundary Markers]]). An individual marker acted as one point on the whole boundary to help delineate one side of the boundary from the other. Because of their age, a marker’s physical condition has a very wide range.

==Marker Dimension/Materials==
There are two main kinds of markers that had been placed to outline the border of the Venetian Republic's claim to the lagoon: Stone Markers and Brick Markers.

===Stone Markers===
[[File:StoneMarker.png|200ppx|thumb|right|A stone marker.]]
Stone markers are the more common of the two types of markers. They are about 130 cm in height, 50 cm wide, and 50 cm deep. Stone markers are made of a white stone called Istria Stone. A stone marker is comprised of a main face, a secondary face, and a shorter spire. The main face is on the bottom of the marker and is the tallest, yet narrowest, of the faces. The secondary face, above the main face, is wider than the main face but significantly shorter. Out of the secondary face grows the spire, which is a square pyramid using the secondary faces as its base. The spire on a stone marker is very short, measuring around 15 cm.

===Brick Markers===
[[File:BrickMarker.png|200px|thumb|right|A brick marker.]]
Brick markers are less common than marble markers. They are about 100 cm in height, 100 cm in width and 100 cm deep. Brick markers are comprised mainly of brick, with one face partly consisting of marble. A brick marker is made up by main faces and spires. The main faces start from the ground or a pedestal and stretch up to the beginning of the spire. On the front face of the marker, there is part of the face that is covered in marble, where the inscription will be located. The spire is located above the main faces. Its base extends outside of the main faces by 5 cm. The spire is typically about 80 cm tall.

===Marker Plaques===
[File:PlaqueMarker.png|200px|thumb|right|A plaque marker.]]
A small amount of markers have been replaced with plaques after the industrialization of the marker's location. Made of Istria stone, the plaques are typically 70 cm in height and 70 cm in width.

Each marker has an inscription on it which denotes its number in the sequence of markers. This inscription typically says "''MARGINE DI CONTERMINAZIONE'' | 1791" and then the number of the marker.

==Marker Condition==
Because they were placed over 225 years ago, an individual marker may have a wide range of erosion, biological growth, and overgrowth. A marker may also have surface cracking and/or structural cracking. Though treated as public art, many markers are either inaccessible due to their location (inside confines of airport or private property, hard to find or access due to terrain) or have been demolished or destroyed.

==See also==
*[[Boundary Markers]]
*[[Borders of the Venetian Republic in 1791]]

Boundary Marker

2016-12-02T16:47:06Z

Ve16-bounds:

''This article contains information about a typical boundary marker. For a list of border markers, see [[Boundary Markers]].''

A '''boundary marker''' (''cippi'' in Italian) is a marker made typically of stone or brick. The markers were placed in 1791 to denote the boundaries of the Venetian lagoon at the time (see [[Boundary Markers]]). An individual marker acted as one point on the whole boundary to help delineate one side of the boundary from the other. Because of their age, a marker’s physical condition has a very wide range.

==Marker Dimension/Materials==
There are two main kinds of markers that had been placed to outline the border of the Venetian Republic's claim to the lagoon: Stone Markers and Brick Markers.

===Stone Markers===
[[File:StoneMarker.png|200ppx|thumb|right|A stone marker.]]
Stone markers are the more common of the two types of markers. They are about 130 cm in height, 50 cm wide, and 50 cm deep. Stone markers are made of a white stone called Istria Stone. A stone marker is comprised of a main face, a secondary face, and a shorter spire. The main face is on the bottom of the marker and is the tallest, yet narrowest, of the faces. The secondary face, above the main face, is wider than the main face but significantly shorter. Out of the secondary face grows the spire, which is a square pyramid using the secondary faces as its base. The spire on a stone marker is very short, measuring around 15 cm.

===Brick Markers===
[[File:BrickMarker.png|200px|thumb|right|A brick marker.]]
Brick markers are less common than marble markers. They are about 100 cm in height, 100 cm in width and 100 cm deep. Brick markers are comprised mainly of brick, with one face partly consisting of marble. A brick marker is made up by main faces and spires. The main faces start from the ground or a pedestal and stretch up to the beginning of the spire. On the front face of the marker, there is part of the face that is covered in marble, where the inscription will be located. The spire is located above the main faces. Its base extends outside of the main faces by 5 cm. The spire is typically about 80 cm tall.

===Marker Plaques===
A small amount of markers have been replaced with plaques after the industrialization of the marker's location. Made of Istria stone, the plaques are typically 70 cm in height and 70 cm in width.

Each marker has an inscription on it which denotes its number in the sequence of markers. This inscription typically says "''MARGINE DI CONTERMINAZIONE'' | 1791" and then the number of the marker.

==Marker Condition==
Because they were placed over 225 years ago, an individual marker may have a wide range of erosion, biological growth, and overgrowth. A marker may also have surface cracking and/or structural cracking. Though treated as public art, many markers are either inaccessible due to their location (inside confines of airport or private property, hard to find or access due to terrain) or have been demolished or destroyed.

==See also==
*[[Boundary Markers]]
*[[Borders of the Venetian Republic in 1791]]

Boundary Marker

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File:1791 Conterminazione Lagunare22.png

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