Bell tower - Revision history

Ve16.food at 11:52, 13 December 2016

2016-12-13T11:52:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:52, 13 December 2016
Line 8:		Line 8:

	===Base===		===Base===
	The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.		The base provides the main support of the tower by embedding its foundation into the rock beneath it. Its purpose is to maintain the structural integrity of the tower. The base contains tensioning supports which are driven into the ground as well as other stability enhancing measures. The walls at the base of the tower are often thicker and made of non-porous materials compared to those at the top. These materials are used so that it is resistant to salt water due to flooding and heavy enough to withstand the pressure from the weight of the tower.

	===Shaft===		===Shaft===
Line 30:		Line 30:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural ~~changes~~ including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>1		Cultural change, including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example, social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross-sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>1

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. <references/>2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. <references/>2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

Ksgallagher at 09:29, 2 December 2015

2015-12-02T09:29:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 2 December 2015
Line 20:		Line 20:

	The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.		The spire is the structure on top of the church roof that tapers up to a point and varies depending on the tower, having many shapes: conical, pyramidal, bulbous, and others. On top of the spire there can also be a finial. A finial is a small decorative ornament or feature, which ranges from functional, such as a weather vane or lightning rod, to ornamental, such as a cross or statue.

			==Bell Tower Structure of an A vela==
			Common to many parts of Italy and other Romantic nations is the A vela, also known as the Roman Bell Towers. These structures are arches with bells that hang from their apex. They were very common during the age of the Roman Empire due to their ease of construction and reliability. Prior to modern material science and engineering designs, large towers were difficult to erect and maintain. For these reasons the Romans built bell arches, a structure they had mastered over centuries.

	==Architectural Style==		==Architectural Style==

Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Structure */

2015-12-02T09:26:55Z

Bell Tower Structure

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 2 December 2015
Line 4:		Line 4:


	==Bell Tower Structure==		==Bell Tower Structure of a Campanile==
	[[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.		[[File:AnatomyOfABellTower_SanMarco.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\| Bell tower structure]] There are four main components to the structure of a bell tower: base, shaft, belfry, and roof. Each of these contributes to the overall style and integrity of the tower.

Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */

2015-12-02T09:25:05Z

Bell Tower Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>~~#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. "Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake." Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.~~		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>1

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. <references/>2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Ksgallagher at 09:24, 2 December 2015

2015-12-02T09:24:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:24, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. "Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake." Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.>		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. "Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake." Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

Ksgallagher at 09:23, 2 December 2015

2015-12-02T09:23:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/#Lagomarsino, Sergio, and Stefano Podesta. "Damage and vulnerability assessment of churches after the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake." Earthquake spectra 20.S1 (2004): S271-S283.>

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */

2015-12-02T09:23:07Z

Bell Tower Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>1		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

Ksgallagher at 09:22, 2 December 2015

2015-12-02T09:22:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:22, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. 1		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. <references/>1

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

Ksgallagher: /* External Links */

2015-12-02T09:20:22Z

External Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 2 December 2015
Line 44:		Line 44:

	==External Links==		==External Links==
			#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style

Ksgallagher: /* Bell Tower Maintenance */

2015-12-02T09:18:27Z

Bell Tower Maintenance

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 2 December 2015
Line 27:		Line 27:
	==Bell Tower Maintenance==		==Bell Tower Maintenance==
	[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]		[[File:EarthquakeDestruction_FinaleEmilia.jpg\|150px\|thumb\|left\| Earthquake destruction ]]
	Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches.		Cultural changes including the decline of religion and the use of modern technology, has reduced the need to ring the bells manually, and therefore resulted in people being removed from the process of maintaining those bells and their towers. For example social influences of the early 2000s swayed individuals away from the strict regulations set by the Vatican Council. The percent of Italians who attend church on a weekly basis over the course of 42 years decreased steadily over time. The graphic data was obtained through a series of cross sectional surveys that were pooled and referenced against data collected from individual churches. 1

	Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.		Even in acts of preventing collapse, there are cases where the matters are simply made worse. When reinforcing towers or old masonry buildings with steel and other metals, these materials have the effect of amplifying any earthquakes and further damaging the structure because they are excellent conductors of seismic waves. 2 In the case of bell towers specifically, the rotting wooden structures that support the bells and ringing mechanisms are sometimes replaced with metal, which transfers more of the vibrations to the masonry rather than allow the wood to absorb the shock.

	==See Also==		==See Also==