Wells
This page is an overview of all the wells on Venice. For a typical well, see Well
Wells were the primary drinking sources in Venice between the 11th century and the 19th century. There are more than 5000 cistern wells under the streets of Venice, but their wellheads have almost all been removed or destroyed, leaving only 260 remaining wellheads in Venice. These wells no longer serve any functional purpose but still exist beneath the streets of Venice.
 A Venetian Well Structure [1] | |
| Number of Mainland Wells Recorded | |
|---|---|
| Total | 234 |
| Cannaregio | 52 |
| Castello | 58 |
| Santa Croce | 21 |
| San Marco | 48 |
| San Polo | 23 |
| Dorsoduro | 29 |
| Giudecca | 3 |
| Number of Wells on Outer Islands of the lagoon | |
| Total | 26 |
| Burano | 2 |
| Chioggia | 2 |
| Lido | 4 |
| Murano | 6 |
| Pellestrina | 6 |
| Torcello | 6 |
Pre-Cistern Wells
As a collection of islands surrounded by a salt-water lagoon, Venice lacks natural sources of freshwater. As a result, Venice had to find alternative ways to obtain freshwater for the city. Before the introduction of the cistern system of Venice, the citizens of Venice relied on a few different sources of freshwater. They caught rain in basins, ran barges to the mainland to collect water from groundwells, and dug shallow wells in the lido to reach pockets of drinking water. These pockets were the result of rainwater filtering through the fine sands of the Lido beaches. Although these sources brought freshwater, they came with many drawbacks. This system mainly relied on the barges to supply water to the city, which was very expensive in both manpower and resources.
The Cistern System
The oldest known Venetian cistern-wells were constructed in the eleventh century, around 1038 [2] , and were spread out across the Venetian landscape. The construction of the cistern system allowed the people of Venice to gather water without needing the barges to transport it from the mainland [3] . These "wells" were actually cisterns that emulated the natural filtration of the Lido's sand dunes. They collected rainwater through street-level drains, filtered it through layers of sand from the Lido, and held the drinkable water to be collected for later use Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag .
While the cisterns were vital to the survival of Venice, they did not come without their drawbacks. Their construction was very difficult, requiring the use of multiple different trades, and there was a risk of contamination to the well water. In 1575, there was an epidemic that took out nearly a third of Venice's population (Seindal, 2023). Earlier this year, there was an unusually high flood that let saltwater seep into the wells' drains and some wells' lids [4] . The saltwater and freshwater mixed to create “a certain muddy mixture so foul that it caused illness” Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag . The neglect allowed this illness to turn into the worst epidemic in Venetian history, killing around a third of the population Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag .
Function
A typical Venetian well has a clay basin that stores rainwater underground and a wellhead to retrieve the water from above ground. Rainwater collects through street-level drains, filters through fine river sand, and then accumulates at the bottom of the basin. The water is filtered again as it travels through the brick lining the well shaft. Then, citizens could retrieve water through the street-level wellhead.
The cistern system works by capturing rainwater through gullyes made from Istrain stone. These grates had holes allowing for water to fall through. The captured water would then collect in underground tanks called galleries made from brick, cassone. A large area about 3-4 meters deep filled with sand, spongia, and lined with impermeable clay would filter the water as it moved to the center of the cistern. In the center of the cistern was a well shaft, canna, made from a semipermeable brick called pazzoli and semipermeable mortar. This is where the water accumulates and people can bring up the water from the wellhead.
Map
The location of the wells, along with its wellheads, are designated by red dots on the map.