Church Floor Artifacts: Difference between revisions

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The artwork in Venetian churches is not limited to sculptures and paintings displayed at eye level on the walls, but many artifacts are found below eye level, in the floors of churches. Venetians used every surface available to decorate all aspects of their lives, including the ground they walked on. In the floors of Venetian churches, several types of artifacts can be found; one of the more common artifacts is a tombstone, marking a Venetian’s final resting place. These markers are left from when burials were still allowed inside city centers and usually contain the individual’s full name, date of birth and date of death. Other information, such as the person’s occupation, can be found on some of the more elaborate pieces. Additionally, plaques are inlaid in church floors which contain information about important events, such as the beginning of construction or prominent contributors. Many of the artifacts are carved into tiles, usually marble or limestone, to complimenting the surrounding floor pattern in order to distinguish them as a [[Church Floor Artifact]]. Different color marbles, such as red, white or black, were used to set the markers apart from the rest of the floor while still keeping a uniform appearance throughout the church.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin.  ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
The artwork in Venetian churches is not limited to sculptures and paintings displayed on the walls.  Many artifacts are found below eye level, in the floors. Venetians used every surface available to decorate all aspects of their lives, including the ground they walked on. In the floors of Venetian churches, two types of artifacts can be found: the more common artifacts is a tombstone, marking a Venetian’s final resting place. These markers are from when burials were still allowed inside city centers and usually contain the individual’s full name, date of birth and date of death. Other information, such as the person’s occupation, can be found on some of the more elaborate pieces. Additionally, plaques are inlaid in church floors which contain information about important events, such as the beginning of construction or prominent contributors. Many of the artifacts are carved into tiles, usually marble or limestone, to compliment the surrounding floor pattern in order to distinguish them as a [[Church Floor Artifact]]. Different color marbles, such as red, white or black, were used to set the markers apart from the rest of the floor while still keeping a uniform appearance throughout the church.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin.  ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>


==Churches with Artifacts==
==Churches with Artifacts==


The map below shows the churches of Venice, excluding the Lagoon islands, represented as vertical bars, where the height of each church building corresponding to the number of floor artifacts found in its floor. For example, the tallest bar on the graph corresponds to the [[Church of San Zanipolo]] (Santi Giovanni e Paolo) in Castello which has 207 church floor artifacts. This church has by far the highest number of artifact. The average church with artifacts only has 30 artifacts. At the other extreme, there are two churches, [[Church of San Luca]] and [[Church of Redentore]], that only have one artifact a piece.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
The map below shows the churches of Venice, excluding the Lagoon islands, represented as vertical bars, where the height of each church building corresponds to the number of floor artifacts found in the church. For example, the tallest bar on the graph corresponds to the [[Church of San Zanipolo]] (Santi Giovanni e Paolo) in Castello which has 207 church floor artifacts. Of the represented churches, the average number of artifacts is 30. At the other extreme, there are two churches, [[Church of San Luca]] and [[Church of Redentore]], that only have one artifact each.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
[[File:Church Heights by Artifact.jpg|600px|center| Church Floor Heigh v. Number of Artifacts]]
[[File:Church Heights by Artifact.jpg|600px|center| Church Floor Heigh v. Number of Artifacts]]


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==Statistical Data==
==Statistical Data==


[[File:Color Coded Graph (2).jpg|300px|thumb|right|Distribution of Artifact Condition]]The artifacts were divided into five categories as described on the [[Church Floor Artifact]] page. In the picture to the right, the three middle categories, high damage, intermediate damage and low damage, were determined to be the best candidates for preservation efforts. The two categories on the outside, excessive damage and minimal damage were determined to have either sustained too much damage, or not enough damage, and therefore would not be a productive use of preservation resources.
[[File:Color Coded Graph (2).jpg|300px|thumb|right|Distribution of Artifact Condition]]The artifacts were divided into five categories as described on the [[Church Floor Artifact]] page. The picture to the right depicts how the five categories are organized. The three middle categories, high damage, intermediate damage and low damage, were determined to be the best candidates for preservation efforts. The two categories on the outside, excessive damage and minimal damage were determined to have either sustained too much damage, or not enough damage, and therefore would not be a productive use of preservation resources.




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[[File:Distribution of Damage per Church.jpg|800px|center|amount of damage]]
[[File:Distribution of Damage per Church.jpg|800px|center|amount of damage]]


In addition to the number of artifacts per church in the high damage category, the percent of artifacts in the high damage category was studied. The results of this are seen in the graph below. This analysis removed some of the bias of the previous figure based on simply the quantity or artifacts in a church, resulting in only the churches with the highest number of total artifacts showing the highest humber of highly damaged artifacts. APOS, [[Church of Santi Apostoli]], CAPP, [[Church of Le Cappuccine]], GREC, [[Church of Greci]], LUCA, [[Church of San Luca]], POLO, [[Church of San Polo]], and REDE, [[Church of Redentore]] all have a high percentage of the artifacts in their floors in the high damage category. A high percentage of highly damaged artifacts causes these church floors to be considered a high priority for preservation. Bias does exist in this graph as well, since churches such as [[Church of San Luca]] and [[Church of Redentore]] both have 100% high damage artifacts but only have one artifact.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
In addition to the number of artifacts per church in the high damage category, the percent of artifacts in the high damage category was studied. The results of this are seen in the graph below. This analysis removed some of the bias of the previous figure based on simply the quantity of artifacts in a church, resulting in only the churches with the highest number of total artifacts showing the highest number of highly damaged artifacts. APOS, [[Church of Santi Apostoli]], CAPP, [[Church of Le Cappuccine]], GREC, [[Church of Greci]], LUCA, [[Church of San Luca]], POLO, [[Church of San Polo]], and REDE, [[Church of Redentore]] all have a high percentage of the artifacts in their floors in the high damage category. A high percentage of highly damaged artifacts causes these church floors to be considered a high priority for preservation. Bias does exist in this graph as well, since churches such as [[Church of San Luca]] and [[Church of Redentore]] both have 100% high damage artifacts but only have one artifact.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
[[File:Percentage_artifacts-_presentation_snip.PNG ‎|800px|center|percentage of damage]]
[[File:Percentage_artifacts-_presentation_snip.PNG ‎|800px|center|percentage of damage]]


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===Church Floor Height===
===Church Floor Height===


Many churches have been rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations since they were first constructed. A common aspect of renovation was to raise the floor of the church, by either removing the old floor, or building on top of it. It stands to reason that these new floors would contain fewer artifacts, as they have not been in the church for as many years, and therefore would not contain as many artifacts. A weak correlation exists between the elevation of Venetian church floors the number of artifacts contained in them, as evident in the graph below. The red bars correspond to the average artifact damage score of each church, while the blue line represents the floor height of that particular church. You can see as the blue line increases across the graph, the damage to the artifacts per church appears to decrease slightly. Further analysis of when these floors were renovated might provide more insight as to a stronger correlation. <ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
Many churches have been rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations since they were first constructed. A common aspect of renovation was to raise the floor of the church, by either removing the old floor, or building on top of it. It stands to reason that these new floors would contain fewer artifacts, as they have not been in the church for as many years, and therefore would not contain as many artifacts. A weak correlation exists between the elevation of Venetian church floors and the condition of the artifacts in the floor as seen in the graph below. The red bars correspond to the average artifact damage score of each church, while the blue line represents the floor height of that particular church. As the blue line increases across the graph, the damage to the artifacts per church decreases slightly. Further analysis of when these floors were renovated might provide more insight as to a stronger correlation. <ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
[[File:Floor_heights-_presentation_snip.PNG|800px|center|churches with artifacts]]
[[File:Floor_heights-_presentation_snip.PNG|800px|center|churches with artifacts]]


==Map==
==Map==
There are 74 churches in the city of Venice that have assessed church floor artifacts, six of which are located on the Lagoon islands. Below is a map where one can find the location of the churches with assessed artifacts. The 65 churches that are not located on this map are either churches that are known to not have artifacts, or floors that could not be viewed to know if artifacts are present in their floors. All of these churches can be found on the [[Churches]] page.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin.  ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>
There are 74 churches in the city of Venice that have assessed church floor artifacts, six of which are located on the Lagoon islands. Below is a map where one can find the location of the churches with assessed artifacts. The 65 churches that are not shown on this map are either churches that are known to not have artifacts or churches with floors that could not be viewed to determine if artifacts are present in their floors. All of these churches can be found on the [[Churches]] page.<ref>Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin.  ''Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts.'' An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.</ref>


<display_map height=600 zoom=14 centre=45.440155,12.345403>
<display_map height=600 zoom=14 centre=45.440155,12.345403>
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45.433754,12.322091|[[Church of Carmini]]
45.433754,12.322091|[[Church of Carmini]]
45.43139,12.323435|[[Church of Ognisanti]]
45.43139,12.323435|[[Church of Ognisanti]]
45.426919,12.323616|[[Church of San Eufemia]]
45.426919,12.323616|[[Church of Sant'Eufemia]]
45.447246,12.323993|[[Church of Le Cappuccine]]
45.447246,12.323993|[[Church of Le Cappuccine]]
45.440825,12.324395|[[Church of San Simeon Grando]]
45.440825,12.324395|[[Church of San Simeon Grando]]
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|title = Churches of Venice
|title = Churches of Venice
|group1 = Cannaregio
|group1 = Cannaregio
|list1 = [[Church of San Geremia | Church of San Geremia]]{{w}}[[Suore Dorotee | Suore Dorotee]]{{w}}[[Church of Servi | Church of Servi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marziale | Church of San Marziale]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marcuola | Church of San Marcuola]]{{w}}[[Church of Miracoli | Church of Miracoli]]{{w}}[[Church of Gli Scalzi | Church of Gli Scalzi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giobbe | Church of San Giobbe]]{{w}}[[Church of San Leonardo | Church of San Leonardo]]{{w}}[[Church of Gesuiti | Church of Gesuiti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Sofia | Church of Santa Sofia]]{{w}}[[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto | Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio | Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Cappuccine | Church of Le Cappuccine]]{{w}}[[Church of San Felice | Church of San Felice]]{{w}}[[Church of La Maddalena | Church of La Maddalena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Girolomo | Church of San Girolomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Apostoli | Church of Santi Apostoli]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo | Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Alvise | Church of Sant'Alvise]]{{w}}[[Church of La Misericordia | Church of La Misericordia]]{{w}}[[Church of Anglicana | Church of Anglicana]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bonaventura | Church of San Bonaventura]]{{w}}[[Church of San Canciano | Church of San Canciano]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Penitenti | Church of Le Penitenti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]
|list1 = [[Church of San Geremia | Church of San Geremia]]{{w}}[[Suore Dorotee | Suore Dorotee]]{{w}}[[Church of Servi | Church of Servi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marziale | Church of San Marziale]]{{w}}[[Church of San Marcuola | Church of San Marcuola]]{{w}}[[Church of Miracoli | Church of Miracoli]]{{w}}[[Church of Gli Scalzi | Church of Gli Scalzi]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giobbe | Church of San Giobbe]]{{w}}[[Church of San Leonardo | Church of San Leonardo]]{{w}}[[Church of Gesuiti | Church of Gesuiti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Sofia | Church of Santa Sofia]]{{w}}[[Church of La Madonna dell'Orto | Church of La Madonna dell'Orto]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio | Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Cappuccine | Church of Le Cappuccine]]{{w}}[[Church of San Felice | Church of San Felice]]{{w}}[[Church of La Maddalena | Church of La Maddalena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Girolomo | Church of San Girolomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Apostoli | Church of Santi Apostoli]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo | Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Alvise | Church of Sant'Alvise]]{{w}}[[Church of La Misericordia | Church of La Misericordia]]{{w}}[[Evangelical Lutheran Church | Evangelical Lutheran Church]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bonaventura | Church of San Bonaventura]]{{w}}[[Church of San Canciano | Church of San Canciano]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Penitenti | Church of Le Penitenti]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]
|group2 = Castello
|group2 = Castello
|list2 = [[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Francesco di Paula | Church of San Francesco di Paula]]{{w}}[[Church of Mendicanti | Church of Mendicanti]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zanipolo | Church of San Zanipolo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Formosa | Church of Santa Maria Formosa]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giuseppe | Church of San Giuseppe]]{{w}}[[Church of La Fava | Church of La Fava]]{{w}}[[Church of La Bragora | Church of La Bragora]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Elena | Church of Sant'Elena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni di Malta | Church of San Giovanni di Malta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonin | Church of San Antonin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro di Castello | Church of San Pietro di Castello]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Ospedalletto | Church of L'Ospedalletto]]{{w}}[[Church of La Piet� | Church of La Piet�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaninovo | Church of San Zaninovo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Vigna | Church of La Vigna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lorenzo | Church of San Lorenzo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lio | Church of San Lio]]{{w}}[[Church of Greci | Church of Greci]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gioacchino | Church of San Gioacchino]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Giustina | Church of Santa Giustina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria del Pianto | Church of Santa Maria del Pianto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Biagio | Church of San Biagio]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Anna | Church of Sant'Anna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaccaria | Church of San Zaccaria]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni | Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]]
|list2 = [[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Francesco di Paula | Church of San Francesco di Paula]]{{w}}[[Church of Mendicanti | Church of Mendicanti]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zanipolo | Church of San Zanipolo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Formosa | Church of Santa Maria Formosa]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giuseppe | Church of San Giuseppe]]{{w}}[[Church of La Fava | Church of La Fava]]{{w}}[[Church of La Bragora | Church of La Bragora]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Elena | Church of Sant'Elena]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni di Malta | Church of San Giovanni di Malta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonin | Church of San Antonin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro di Castello | Church of San Pietro di Castello]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Ospedalletto | Church of L'Ospedalletto]]{{w}}[[Church of La Pietà | Church of La Pietà]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaninovo | Church of San Zaninovo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Vigna | Church of La Vigna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lorenzo | Church of San Lorenzo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Lio | Church of San Lio]]{{w}}[[Church of Greci | Church of Greci]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gioacchino | Church of San Gioacchino]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Giustina | Church of Santa Giustina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria del Pianto | Church of Santa Maria del Pianto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Biagio | Church of San Biagio]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Anna | Church of Sant'Anna]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zaccaria | Church of San Zaccaria]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni | Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni]]
|group3 = Dorsoduro
|group3 = Dorsoduro
|list3 = [[Church of Gesuati | Church of Gesuati]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Romite | Church of Le Romite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trovaso | Church of San Trovaso]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Teresa | Church of Le Teresa]]{{w}}[[Church of Carmini | Church of Carmini]]{{w}}[[Church of Catecumeni | Church of Catecumeni]]{{w}}[[Church of La Salute | Church of La Salute]]{{w}}[[Church of San Sebastiano | Church of San Sebastiano]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Margherita | Church of Santa Margherita]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pantalon | Church of San Pantalon]]{{w}}[[Church of Spirito Santo | Church of Spirito Santo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Carit� | Church of La Carit�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gregorio | Church of San Gregorio]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael | Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]]{{w}}[[Church of St. Georges Church | Church of St. Georges Church]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Marta | Church of Santa Marta]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba | Church of San Barnaba]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognisanti | Church of Ognisanti]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Agnese | Church of Sant'Agnese]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione | Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli | Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]]
|list3 = [[Church of Gesuati | Church of Gesuati]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Romite | Church of Le Romite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trovaso | Church of San Trovaso]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Teresa | Church of Le Teresa]]{{w}}[[Church of Carmini | Church of Carmini]]{{w}}[[Church of Catecumeni | Church of Catecumeni]]{{w}}[[Church of La Salute | Church of La Salute]]{{w}}[[Church of San Sebastiano | Church of San Sebastiano]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Margherita | Church of Santa Margherita]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pantalon | Church of San Pantalon]]{{w}}[[Church of Spirito Santo | Church of Spirito Santo]]{{w}}[[Church of La Carità | Church of La Carità]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gregorio | Church of San Gregorio]]{{w}}[[Church of L'Anzolo Rafael | Church of L'Anzolo Rafael]]{{w}}[[Church of St. George | Church of St. George]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Marta | Church of Santa Marta]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba | Church of San Barnaba]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognisanti | Church of Ognisanti]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Agnese | Church of Sant'Agnese]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione | Church of Santa Maria della Visitazione]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli | Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli]]
|group4 = San Marco
|group4 = San Marco
|list4 = [[Church of San Fantin | Church of San Fantin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zulian | Church of San Zulian]]{{w}}[[Church of San Basso | Church of San Basso]]{{w}}[[Basilica of San Marco (Church) | Basilica of San Marco (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stefano | Church of San Stefano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Luca | Church of San Luca]]{{w}}[[Church of S. Vidal | Church of S. Vidal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Samuele | Church of San Samuele]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo | Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Teodoro | Church of San Teodoro]]{{w}}[[Oratorio dell'Annunciata | Oratorio dell'Annunciata]]{{w}}[[Church of San Mois� | Church of San Mois�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gallo | Church of San Gallo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Salvador | Church of San Salvador]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Croce (Church) | Church of Santa Croce (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bartolomeo | Church of San Bartolomeo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Benedetto | Church of San Benedetto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Maurizio | Church of San Maurizio]]
|list4 = [[Church of San Fantin | Church of San Fantin]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zulian | Church of San Zulian]]{{w}}[[Church of San Basso | Church of San Basso]]{{w}}[[Basilica of San Marco (Church) | Basilica of San Marco (Church)]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stefano | Church of San Stefano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Luca | Church of San Luca]]{{w}}[[Church of S. Vidal | Church of S. Vidal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Samuele | Church of San Samuele]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo | Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Teodoro | Church of San Teodoro]]{{w}}[[Oratorio dell'Annunciata | Oratorio dell'Annunciata]]{{w}}[[Church of San Moisè | Church of San Moisè]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gallo | Church of San Gallo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Salvador | Church of San Salvador]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni | Church of Santa Croce degli Armeni]]{{w}}[[Church of San Bartolomeo | Church of San Bartolomeo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Benedetto | Church of San Benedetto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Maurizio | Church of San Maurizio]]
|group5 = San Polo
|group5 = San Polo
|list5 = [[Church of San Silvestro | Church of San Silvestro]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Polo | Church of San Polo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario | Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario]]{{w}}[[Church of Frari | Church of Frari]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto | Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista | Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]]{{w}}[[Church of San Rocco | Church of San Rocco]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cassian | Church of San Cassian]]
|list5 = [[Church of San Silvestro | Church of San Silvestro]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Polo | Church of San Polo]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Aponal | Church of Sant'Aponal]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario | Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario]]{{w}}[[Church of Frari | Church of Frari]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacometo di Rialto | Church of San Giacometo di Rialto]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giovanni Evangelista | Church of San Giovanni Evangelista]]{{w}}[[Church of San Rocco | Church of San Rocco]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cassian | Church of San Cassian]]
Line 176: Line 176:
|list6 = [[Church of Tolentini | Church of Tolentini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio | Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]]{{w}}[[Church of Nome di Gesu | Church of Nome di Gesu]]{{w}}[[Church of Maria Mater Domini | Church of Maria Mater Domini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zandegola | Church of San Zandegola]]{{w}}[[Church of La Zirada | Church of La Zirada]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Maggiore | Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stae | Church of San Stae]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Piccolo | Church of San Simeon Piccolo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Grando | Church of San Simeon Grando]]
|list6 = [[Church of Tolentini | Church of Tolentini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio | Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio]]{{w}}[[Church of Nome di Gesu | Church of Nome di Gesu]]{{w}}[[Church of Maria Mater Domini | Church of Maria Mater Domini]]{{w}}[[Church of San Zandegola | Church of San Zandegola]]{{w}}[[Church of La Zirada | Church of La Zirada]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Maggiore | Church of Santa Maria Maggiore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Stae | Church of San Stae]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Piccolo | Church of San Simeon Piccolo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Simeon Grando | Church of San Simeon Grando]]
|group7 = Giudecca
|group7 = Giudecca
|list7 = [[Church of Redentore | Church of Redentore]]{{w}}[[Church of San Eufemia | Church of San Eufemia]]{{w}}[[Church of San Convertite | Church of San Convertite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cosmo | Church of San Cosmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Zitelle | Church of Le Zitelle]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gerardo | Church of San Gerardo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trinit� | Church of San Trinit�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio | Church of San Giorgio]]{{w}}[[Church of La Croce | Church of La Croce]]
|list7 = [[Church of Redentore | Church of Redentore]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Eufemia | Church of Sant'Eufemia]]{{w}}[[Church of San Convertite | Church of San Convertite]]{{w}}[[Church of San Cosmo | Church of San Cosmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Le Zitelle | Church of Le Zitelle]]{{w}}[[Church of San Gerardo | Church of San Gerardo]]{{w}}[[Church of San Trinità | Church of San Trinità]]{{w}}[[Church of San Giorgio | Church of San Giorgio]]{{w}}[[Church of La Croce | Church of La Croce]]
|group8 = Islands
|group8 = Islands
|list8 = [[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina | Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta | Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba in Burano | Church of San Barnaba in Burano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Michele | Church of San Michele]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro | Church of San Pietro]]{{w}}[[Church of San Donato | Church of San Donato]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione | Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erosia | Church of Sant'Erosia]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli | Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erasmo | Church of Sant'Erasmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Assunta | Church of Santa Maria Assunta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicol� | Church of San Nicol�]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro Martire | Church of San Pietro Martire]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello | Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello]]
|list8 = [[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina | Church of Ognissanti di Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta | Church of Santa Maria Elisabetta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Antonio | Church of San Antonio]]{{w}}[[Church of San Barnaba in Burano | Church of San Barnaba in Burano]]{{w}}[[Church of San Michele | Church of San Michele]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro | Church of San Pietro]]{{w}}[[Church of San Donato | Church of San Donato]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Caterina | Church of Santa Caterina]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione | Church of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione]]{{w}}[[Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina | Church of Santi Vito e Modesto in Pellestrina]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erosia | Church of Sant'Erosia]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli | Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli]]{{w}}[[Church of Sant'Erasmo | Church of Sant'Erasmo]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Maria Assunta | Church of Santa Maria Assunta]]{{w}}[[Church of San Martino | Church of San Martino]]{{w}}[[Church of San Nicolò | Church of San Nicolò]]{{w}}[[Church of San Pietro Martire | Church of San Pietro Martire]]{{w}}[[Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello | Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello]]
}}
}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:59, 2 January 2013

This article contains information on the Church Floor Artifacts of Venice. For a list of Churches in Venice, see Churches. For information on a typical artifact, see Church Floor Artifact.

Church Floor Artifacts
Churches with Assessed Artifacts 74
Total Number of Artifacts 2221
Number of Tombs 1724
Number of Plaques 497
v • d • e

The artwork in Venetian churches is not limited to sculptures and paintings displayed on the walls. Many artifacts are found below eye level, in the floors. Venetians used every surface available to decorate all aspects of their lives, including the ground they walked on. In the floors of Venetian churches, two types of artifacts can be found: the more common artifacts is a tombstone, marking a Venetian’s final resting place. These markers are from when burials were still allowed inside city centers and usually contain the individual’s full name, date of birth and date of death. Other information, such as the person’s occupation, can be found on some of the more elaborate pieces. Additionally, plaques are inlaid in church floors which contain information about important events, such as the beginning of construction or prominent contributors. Many of the artifacts are carved into tiles, usually marble or limestone, to compliment the surrounding floor pattern in order to distinguish them as a Church Floor Artifact. Different color marbles, such as red, white or black, were used to set the markers apart from the rest of the floor while still keeping a uniform appearance throughout the church.[1]

Churches with Artifacts

The map below shows the churches of Venice, excluding the Lagoon islands, represented as vertical bars, where the height of each church building corresponds to the number of floor artifacts found in the church. For example, the tallest bar on the graph corresponds to the Church of San Zanipolo (Santi Giovanni e Paolo) in Castello which has 207 church floor artifacts. Of the represented churches, the average number of artifacts is 30. At the other extreme, there are two churches, Church of San Luca and Church of Redentore, that only have one artifact each.[2]

Church Floor Heigh v. Number of Artifacts
Church Floor Heigh v. Number of Artifacts


Statistical Data

Distribution of Artifact Condition

The artifacts were divided into five categories as described on the Church Floor Artifact page. The picture to the right depicts how the five categories are organized. The three middle categories, high damage, intermediate damage and low damage, were determined to be the best candidates for preservation efforts. The two categories on the outside, excessive damage and minimal damage were determined to have either sustained too much damage, or not enough damage, and therefore would not be a productive use of preservation resources.








Condition Evaluation

The graph below shows the number of artifacts per church in each of the three middle categories. The red bars correspond to the high damage category, orange to intermediate damage and yellow to low damage. The taller bars represent churches with a large quantity of damaged artifacts. It is very clear that GIOV, Church of San Zanipolo, has the highest number of artifacts in the high damage category, as well as many artifacts in the intermediate and low damage catagories. Therefore, the floor of this church is a strong candidate for restoration. Additionally, the churches APOS, Church of Santi Apostoli, SALV, Church of San Salvador, SCAL, Church of Gli Scalzi, TOLE, Church of Tolentini, FAVA, Church of La Fava, and MARC, Church of San Marcuola, all have red and yellow columns that are significantly higher than the other churches. These higher bars represent the church floors with many highly damaged artifacts and would benefit from preservation efforts.[3]


amount of damage
amount of damage

In addition to the number of artifacts per church in the high damage category, the percent of artifacts in the high damage category was studied. The results of this are seen in the graph below. This analysis removed some of the bias of the previous figure based on simply the quantity of artifacts in a church, resulting in only the churches with the highest number of total artifacts showing the highest number of highly damaged artifacts. APOS, Church of Santi Apostoli, CAPP, Church of Le Cappuccine, GREC, Church of Greci, LUCA, Church of San Luca, POLO, Church of San Polo, and REDE, Church of Redentore all have a high percentage of the artifacts in their floors in the high damage category. A high percentage of highly damaged artifacts causes these church floors to be considered a high priority for preservation. Bias does exist in this graph as well, since churches such as Church of San Luca and Church of Redentore both have 100% high damage artifacts but only have one artifact.[4]

percentage of damage
percentage of damage

Looking at both graphs and comparing the results, the Churches that have the highest need for preservation become evident. The Church of Santi Apostoli emerged as a high priority for both the quantity and percentage of high damage artifacts analysis. Therefore, the Church of Santi Apostoliis a strong candidate for preservation efforts.[5]


Church Floor Height

Many churches have been rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations since they were first constructed. A common aspect of renovation was to raise the floor of the church, by either removing the old floor, or building on top of it. It stands to reason that these new floors would contain fewer artifacts, as they have not been in the church for as many years, and therefore would not contain as many artifacts. A weak correlation exists between the elevation of Venetian church floors and the condition of the artifacts in the floor as seen in the graph below. The red bars correspond to the average artifact damage score of each church, while the blue line represents the floor height of that particular church. As the blue line increases across the graph, the damage to the artifacts per church decreases slightly. Further analysis of when these floors were renovated might provide more insight as to a stronger correlation. [6]

churches with artifacts
churches with artifacts

Map

There are 74 churches in the city of Venice that have assessed church floor artifacts, six of which are located on the Lagoon islands. Below is a map where one can find the location of the churches with assessed artifacts. The 65 churches that are not shown on this map are either churches that are known to not have artifacts or churches with floors that could not be viewed to determine if artifacts are present in their floors. All of these churches can be found on the Churches page.[7]

<display_map height=600 zoom=14 centre=45.440155,12.345403> 45.432596,12.315829|Church of San Nicolo dei Mendicoli 45.433282,12.316219|Church of Le Teresa 45.431996,12.320083|Church of San Sebastiano 45.4453,12.320104|Church of San Giobbe 45.437806,12.321831|Church of Tolentini 45.441437,12.322011|Church of Gli Scalzi 45.433754,12.322091|Church of Carmini 45.43139,12.323435|Church of Ognisanti 45.426919,12.323616|Church of Sant'Eufemia 45.447246,12.323993|Church of Le Cappuccine 45.440825,12.324395|Church of San Simeon Grando 45.432053,12.324449|Church of Le Romite 45.435999,12.32449|Church of San Pantalon 45.442725,12.325268|Church of San Geremia 45.433209,12.325297|Church of San Barnaba 45.436997,12.325308|Church of San Rocco 45.430902,12.325918|Church of San Trovaso 45.438214,12.326034|Church of San Giovanni Evangelista 45.437114,12.326665|Church of Frari 45.429404,12.327164|Church of Gesuati 45.440306,12.327367|Church of San Giacomo dell'Orio 45.441751,12.327774|Church of San Zandegola 45.429983,12.328113|Church of Sant'Agnese 45.443226,12.328588|Church of San Marcuola 45.448149,12.329014|Church of Sant'Alvise 45.432436,12.329398|Church of S. Vidal 45.43721,12.329532|Church of San Polo 45.440238,12.330371|Church of Maria Mater Domini 45.441525,12.330671|Church of San Stae 45.425518,12.330747|Church of San Trinità 45.43372,12.331042|Church of San Stefano 45.433087,12.33157|Church of San Maurizio 45.439702,12.332063|Church of San Cassian 45.443051,12.33218|Church of Santa Fosca in Cannaregio 45.425212,12.332451|Church of Redentore 45.446591,12.332526|Church of La Madonna dell'Orto 45.43274,12.332753|Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo 45.44388,12.33288|Church of San Marziale 45.441723,12.333379|Church of San Felice 45.435839,12.333649|Church of San Luca 45.430179,12.334035|Church of Catecumeni 45.438711,12.334383|Church of San Giovanni Elemosinario 45.43102,12.334754|Church of La Salute 45.441087,12.335001|Church of Santa Sofia 45.424921,12.33516|Church of La Croce 45.438598,12.33531|Church of San Giacometo di Rialto 45.433134,12.336048|Church of San Moisè 45.437731,12.336229|Church of San Bartolomeo 45.43688,12.336506|Church of San Salvador 45.439155,12.337227|Church of San Giovanni Grisostomo 45.437064,12.338003|Church of La Fava 45.437617,12.33846|Church of San Lio 45.440161,12.338539|Church of San Canciano 45.435956,12.338582|Church of San Zulian 45.439566,12.339194|Church of Miracoli 45.443633,12.339254|Church of Gesuiti 45.43959,12.34153|Church of San Zanipolo 45.4414,12.342468|Church of Mendicanti 45.429642,12.342646|Church of San Giorgio 45.438842,12.342818|Church of L'Ospedalletto 45.434724,12.343557|Church of San Zaccaria 45.435571,12.344636|Church of Greci 45.434311,12.344963|Church of La Pietà 45.43621,12.345968|Church of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni 45.434455,12.346797|Church of La Bragora 45.449286,12.346882|Church of San Michele 45.438457,12.347661|Church of La Vigna 45.434662,12.348949|Church of San Martino 45.45502,12.352626|Church of San Pietro Martire 45.432958,12.354037|Church of San Francesco di Paula 45.430633,12.357167|Church of San Giuseppe 45.457527,12.357232|Church of San Donato 45.434805,12.359779|Church of San Pietro di Castello 45.498368,12.418744|Church of Santa Fosca in Torcello </display_map>

See Also

v • d • e
Churches of Venice
Cannaregio
Castello
Dorsoduro
San Marco
San Polo
Santa Croce
Giudecca
Islands

References

  1. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  2. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  3. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  4. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  5. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  6. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  7. ↑ Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.

Bibliography

  • Dechaine, Danielle, Hennessey, Meghan, Orszulak, Jeffrey, Rullmann, Kevin. Treasures Underfoot: Preserving Venice's Church Floor Artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2012.
  • Gagnon, Davidm Thompson, Kelly, Ruscitti, Eric. Embedded Heritage: A Study of Venetian Church Floors. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2005.
  • S. Hoey, M. Kahan, P Marchetti, K Mazza. Convents, Palaces and Churches: Transformation of Historic Buildings and the Impact on Venice’s Neighborhoods. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2003.
  • Santos,Luiz G., Petrowski,Craig Peter, Kristant,Elaine Hazel, Delaive,Amanda Leigh. The Church Floors in Venice, Italy -- an Archeological Study and Analysis. An Interactive Qualifying Project for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 2002.

External Links

None

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